این مقاله انگلیسی ISI در نشریه وایلی در 8 صفحه در سال 2019 منتشر شده و ترجمه آن 17 صفحه میباشد. کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله ویژه – طلایی ⭐️⭐️⭐️ بوده و به صورت کامل ترجمه شده است.

مشخصات مقاله انگلیسی (PDF)
سال انتشار مقاله	2019
تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی	8 صفحه با فرمت pdf
نوع مقاله	ISI
نوع نگارش	مقاله پژوهشی (Research Article)
نوع ارائه مقاله	ژورنال
رشته های مرتبط با این مقاله	فیزیک
گرایش های مرتبط با این مقاله	فیزیک کاربردی، بیوفوتونیک، فیزیک ماده چگال
چاپ شده در مجله (ژورنال)	مواد کاربردی پیشرفته – Advanced Functional Materials
کلمات کلیدی	اختلاف پتانسیل انتشار، پویای مولکولی، پروسکایت، فاز انتقال، ساختار حجمی
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی	diffusion potential difference – molecular dynamic – perovskite – phase transition – volumetric striction
ارائه شده از دانشگاه	گروه علوم و مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه علوم و فناوری نانجینگ ، چین
نمایه (index)	Master ISC – Scopus – Master journals – JCR
نویسندگان	Jie Xue، Dandan Yang، Bo Cai، Xiaobao Xu، Jian Wang، He Ma، Xuechao Yu، Guoliang Yuan، Yousheng Zou، Jizhong Song، and Haibo Zeng
شناسه شاپا یا ISSN	ISSN 1616-3028
شناسه دیجیتال – doi	https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807922
بیس	نیست ☓
مدل مفهومی	ندارد ☓
پرسشنامه	ندارد ☓
متغیر	ندارد ☓
رفرنس	دارای رفرنس در داخل متن و انتهای مقاله ✓
کد محصول	9965
لینک مقاله در سایت مرجع	لینک این مقاله در سایت Wiley
نشریه وایلی

نوشته دانلود ترجمه مقاله انتقال فاز برگشت پذیر ناشی از فوتون در پروسکایت CsPbBr3 (وایلی 2019) (ترجمه ویژه – طلایی ⭐️⭐️⭐️) اولین بار در ترجمه فا پدیدار شد.

• فهرست مطالب:

چکیده

مواد و روش ها

تکنیک های برنامه ریزی

Arc های کانفورمال داینامیک

پرتودرمانی تعدیل شدت با گانتری استاتیک

RapidArc

میدان های استاتیک کانفورمال 3D

پرتوهای الکترون

پرتوهای پروتونی

ابزارهایی برای آنالیز

نتایج

بحث

• بخشی از ترجمه:

بحث
مطالعه ی حاضر یک آنالیز جامع از چندین تکنیک با فوتون ها، الکترون ها و پروتون ها را مورد بررسی قرار می دهد که بعداز جراحی به بستر تومور در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان عمیق در مراحل اولیه تابانده می شوند. منطق این بررسی جستجو در مورد تکنیک های درمانی با بهترین خصوصیات فیزیکی نسبت به EB مرسوم یا پرتوهای فوتونی 3DC می باشد.
در مورد الکترون ها، طراحی مطالعه نیاز به همان دوز تجویز شده دارد که برای همه ی تکنیک های اعمال شده بود. این متفاوت از تجویز معمول برای الکترون ها می باشد که به صورت 100% یا 90% به عنوان یک مینمم دوز درون PTV تعیین شده بود. استراتژی کاربرد تجویز مشابه در همه ی تکنیک ها، برای اجرای یک مقایسه ی کمی مناسب بین درمان های رقابتی ضروری می باشد و استانداردی در بررسی های طراحی می باشد.

• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Discussion

The present study addressed a comparative analysis of several techniques with photons, electrons, and protons, to irradiate the tumor bed after surgery in deep-seated early-stage breast cancer patients. The rationale for this investigation was to search for treatment techniques with better physical characteristics than conventional EB or 3DC photon beams. Concerning electrons, the study design required the same dose prescription definition to be applied to all techniques. This is different from the usual prescription definition for electrons defined by the 100% or 90% as a minimum dose within the PTV. The strategy of applying the same prescription to all techniques is necessary to perform an appropriate quantitative comparison between competing treatments and is standard in planning investigations.

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فهرست مطالب:

چکیده
مقدمه
بازنگری مختصری پیرامون SCS
PASCS و بهنجارش آن
پارامتر مندل برای PASCS
توزیع عددی-فوتونی PASCS
تابع ویگنر PASCS
تولید PASCS
نتیجه گیری

بخشی از ترجمه:

8- نتیجه گیری
به طور خلاصه، ما نوع جدیدی از حالت همدوس چلانده فوتون-افزوده را معرفی می کنیم که با اعمال مکرر عملگر آفرینش فوتونی روی یک نوع جدیدی از حالت همدوس چلانده، ایجاد می شود. ما در ابتدا عامل بهنجارش PASCS را استخراج می کنیم که مرتبط با چندجمله¬ای¬های هرمیت تک متغیره است. بر اساس تکنیک عملگرهای نرمال، ما ویژگی¬های آماری نظیر پارامتر مندل ، توزیع عددی-فوتونی و تابع ویگنر را تحلیل میکنیم که تغییرات آن با اختلاف فاز در نمودارها مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. به علاوه ماهیت غیرکلاسیکی بر حسب شدت نوسانات PND و منفیت تابع ویگنر بعد از استخراج شکل صریح عبارت ها برای PND و WF مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است و نتایج به وضوح نشان دهنده ماهیت غیر کلاسیکی PASCS است.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

8. Conclusion

In summary, we introduce a new type of photonadded squeezed coherent state, which is obtained by repeatedly exerting the photon creation operator on a new type of squeezed coherent state. We first derive the normalization factor of PASCS, which is related to single-variable Hermite polynomials. Based on the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators, we investigate its statistical properties such as Mandel’s Q parameter, photon-number distribution, and the Wigner function, whose changes with the phase difference are analyzed graphically. Furthermore, the nonclassicality is discussed in terms of intense oscillations of the PND and the negativity of the Wigner function after deriving the explicit expressions of the PND and WF, and the results demonstrate explicitly the nonclassical properties of the PASCS.

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نوشته دانلود ترجمه مقاله ویژگی آماری حالت همدوس چلانده فوتون-افزوده – ژورنال IOP اولین بار در ترجمه فا پدیدار شد.

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• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Abstract

We show that, when the longitudinal confinement factor in an edge-emitting laser is treated as a dynamic variable, the modulation transfer function has an extra term. This term produces a supplementary photon–photon resonance peak in the modulation response at a frequency corresponding to the frequency separation between longitudinal modes, when these modes are phase-locked long enough (quasi-phase-locked). The photon–photon resonance peak is strongest when two consecutive quasi-phase-locked dominant longitudinal modes have similar longitudinal envelopes and share equally the photon population.

1 Introduction

In conventional high-speed laser devices the modulation response is largely determined by the carrier-photon resonance (CPR). However, the occurrence of the photon–photon resonance (PPR) can increase the 3-dB modulation bandwidth substantially. The PPR has been observed in distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diodes (Kjebon et al. 1997; Bach et al. 2004), in coupled-cavity-injection-grating (CCIG) lasers (Kaiser et al. 2004; Gerschütz et al. 2008), and in passive-feedback lasers (Radziunas et al. 2007), but a thorough explanation for the phenomenon has not been given (Feiste 1998; Morthier et al. 2000).

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فهرست مطالب:

مقدمه
منشا اشعه های میتوژنتیک
مطالعات در خصوص گسیلش فوتون با لوله های فوتو مالتی پلایر
مکانیسم های بیو شیمیایی گسیلش فوتون
بعد اطلاعاتی بیوفتون ها
مدل هایی برای توجیه گسیلش فوتون از فعل و انفعالات مولکولی گروهی
نتیجه گیری

بخشی از ترجمه:

موضوع ابعاد اطلاعات زیستی تصاعد فوتون دارای تاریخچه بیش از ۸۰ سال دارد. این نمونه ای از تحقیقات پژوهشی است که به طور ناکافی و کمی در زیست شناسی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند.این مقاله به مرور فعالیت های پژوهشی طی سخ فاز اصلی این مطالعات پرداخته است.دوره اول مصادف با آزمایش گورویچ از اشعه دهی میتوژنیک است. تابش و اشعه دهی با تغییراتی در موجودات بیولوژیک که به عنوان شناساگر های اشعه دهی عمل می کنند شناسایی شد. دومین مرحله شامل تولید و کاربرد لوله های فتومالتی پلایر حساس برای شناسایی اشعه های متصاعد شده از ارگانیسم ها و سلول هاست.این مطالعات بر محور این سوال استوار هستند که منشا آنزیمی و شیمیایی اشعه دهی چیست.در این مرحله توجه ویژه ای به سوال این که اشعه دهی دارای چه خصوصیات بیوانفورماتیک می باشد است. در سومین دوره ی پژوهشی توجه ها بیشتر در رابطه با ابعاد اطلاعاتی گسیلش فوتون منعطف شد . این تحقیقات بیوفتون عمدتا در علوم زیستی انجام شده اند با این حال ایده هایی در خصوص دیگر ملاحضات وجود دارد به همین دلیل مقاله ی حال حاضر مروری بر یک بررسی منابع را انجام داده است که می تواند برای در اختیار گذاشتن برخی از اطلاعات در خصوص صفات بیوانفورماتیک بیوفتون ها مفید باشد.

۱ مقدمه

این تحقیق بر ابعاد بیوانفورماتیک بیوفتون ها در دامنه ی مادون قرمز نزدیک تا اشعه ی فرابنفش بوده و به زمان الکساندر گروویچ به بیش از ۷۰ سال پیش بر می گردد.ایشان تاکید کرد که عملکرد بیولوژیکی اصلی نظیر تقسیم سلولی تحت تاثیر یک سری جریان های نوری ماورا بنفش بسیار ضعیف است که از خود سلول ها متصاعد یا گسیل می شود.
این خود نشان می دهد که اطلاعات بیو فتونیک برای بسیاری از دانشمندان حایز اهمیت است و می تواند موجب افزایش انگیزه ها در جهت رسیدن به اهداف شود.این مقاله به مرور فعالیت های گروه های پژوهشی در ۳ موضوع اصلی مهم در رابطه با اطلاعات بیوفتونیک است.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Abstract—The topic of bio-informational aspects of photon emission has a history of more than eighty years. It is an example of a research topic that is inadequately studied within mainstream biology. This article reviews the re- search activities during the three main phases of this line of this research. The first period is characterized by Gurwitsch-type experimentation on mitoge- netic radiation. Radiation was detected by changes in biological organisms that function as radiation detectors. The second phase is characterized by the development and application of sensitive photomultiplier tubes for the detection of radiation from organisms and cells. These studies were extended with the question about the chemical and enzymatic origin of radiation. In this phase hardly any attention was paid to the question of radiation with a bio-informational character. In the third period research is again focussed on the informational aspects of photon emission. This bio-photon research is hardly recognized in mainstream science so far, but in the opinion of the author it de- serves careful consideration. For this reason this article presents an overview of the literature which might be helpful for giving careful consideration to the bio-informational character of bio-photons. Keywords: bio-photons — chemiluminescence — communication — mito- genetic radiation Introduction The research on bio-informational aspects of bio-photons in the IR to UV range can be traced back to Alexander G. Gurwitsch more than seventy years ago. He emphasized that fundamental biological functions such as cell division are triggered by a very weak ultraviolet photo-current originating from the cells themselves. This postulate of bio-photonic information appears to many scientists to be pure speculation, and it provokes sometimes contempt rather than carefully considered objections. This article reviews the activities of research groups on three different main questions concerning this bio-photonic information. The first question deals with the developments in the evidence for photons originating from cells. Despite serious experimental difficulties it is now clear to every scientist working in this field that photon emission could be detected from nearly all living cells. 184 R. VanWijk The second question considers the origin of photon emission. Very weak photon emission has been looked upon so far mainly from the possible reactions and biochemical pathway that could be responsible for this phenomenon. In general, those studies were carried out without considering Gurwitsch’s idea of bio-information of photon emission. An alternative search for the ori- gin of photon emission has been carried out incorporating the informational aspect of photon emission. This type of explanation proposes the existence of a coherent electromagnetic field within cell populations and has led to the intro- duction of the term bio-photons. Bio-photons are characterized by their quantum character and are supposed to escape from a coherent field. This alternative explanation is supported by several arguments. The third question is the most decisive one from an empirical point of view. It is directed to the existence of bio-photon emission in relation with cellular interactions and biological function. In general the idea that beside, or even below, the biochemical level of control very weak electromagnetic interactions play a regulatory role in the living state has received relatively little attention. The present research has not yet reached the state required for the ultimate verification or falsification of the hypothesis on bio-photonic information in cell division and other cell physiological processes, as originally investigated and suggested by Gurwitsch. The Origin of Mitogenetic Rays The mystery of the sporadic arising of cell divisions was the starting point for Gurwitsch to carry out his famous “mitogenetic radiation” experiments in 1923. The idea that radiation generates cell division was based on his early studies (Gurwitsch, 1911) in which it was demonstrated that (1) there is a re- verse linear relationship between the surface areas of the meristemic cells and their division frequencies; (2) along the whole onion root meristem, cell surface areas increase according to the exponential law. The purely statistical character of spatial distribution of mitosis demonstrated in several objects (and particularly in onion roots) supported the concept that mitosis should be based upon a dual principle. That is, one of the factors which make a cell capa- ble of division is assumed to be endogenous (a “possibility factor”), while a second one (“realization factor”) is exogenous although it may arise in the same organism. These early experimental observations were interpreted in the following way: there exists a surface “principle K”, which remains constant during cell growth, and also a “principle A” which increases in a metabolic manner (Gur- witsch, 1922). The main problem was to elucidate the nature of the exogenous principle. Initially it seemed natural to look upon it as a chemical substance. However, cell division frequencies should then be proportional to the relation of K to a constantly increasing A, which contradicts the established fact of a re- verse linear relationship between cell division frequency and cell surface area. This contradiction led to the following suggestion: K and A sites are arranged on a cell surface as a permanently changing spatial mosaic. It is the mosaiclike configuration which plays a decisive role, the perception of an exogenous impulse by a cell surface may be considered as a resonance event. This led to the hypothesis that the exogenous division stimulating principle is not a chemical substance, but instead an oscillation process which may be a radiation. The experimental verification of the hypothesis that the exogenous factor is a form of radiation has evolved from the suggestion that at least some radiation should emanate from root cells into the surrounding space and that it would be most probable that detectable radiation would arise from the coneshaped tip of an onion root. An adequate detector should consist of a second root with cells ready to divide and really dividing with a certain average fre- quency, but at the same time capable of increasing the frequency. The necessity for comparison with control cells was also obvious. In that respect onion roots are suitable objects due to their radial symmetrical arrangement. Therefore, the revealing of a difference in mitotic numbers between the “irradiated” and the “shadowed” sides of the meristem after a unilateral local stimulation from another root seemed to be fairly possible. The first “mitogenetic” experiments conducted in 1923 were performed on about 130 root pairs (Gurwitsch, 1923). Already these experiments, in which a horizontally oriented inductor-root was brought to a distance of 1.5 to 2 mm from the medial surface of the meristem of the vertically oriented detector root during 1–2 h, gave distinct positive results: the number of mitosis at the medial zone of the “illuminated” side was 20–25% higher than on the other parts of the meristem. The physical nature of the mitogenetic factor was proven by using glass or quartz plates as filters and by a complete chemical isolation of the in- ducer from the detector sample. Later on, the signal spectral composition was shown to belong to the UV range, somewhat in between 190 and 300 nm. Although Gurwitsch is credited with the discovery of mitogenetic radiation, there were several earlier reports of similar phenomena. Scheminzky (1916) detected some high-energy radiation from various biochemical processes by means of photographic plates. He used cultures of yeasts and bacteria to pro- vide these biochemical processes. This work was confirmed in 1918 by Lud- wig (1918) who also used photographic plates to detect emissions from fer- menting yeasts. The news about the discovery spread very quickly throughout the scientific and public circles, and a large number of investigators, among them physiolo- gists, microbiologists, medical scientists, and physicists in Russia, Germany, France, Italy and other countries, tested the effects discovered by Gurwitsch and studied his hypothesis further. The Golden Age of mitogenetic rays lasted for about two decades and brought about a thousand of papers and several books (Gurwitsch & Gurwitsch, 1959). Gurwitsch’s work was supported by many Russian workers and several Western workers (Borodin, 1930; Rahn, 1936; Wolff & Ras, 1932), but many others (Bateman, 1935; Hollaender & Schoeffel, 1931; Richards & Taylor, 1932) were unable to detect any mitogeBio-Photons and Bio-Communication 185 186 R. VanWijk netic effect. A problem is that most of the publications, containing a lot of valuable data, have been written in Russian and are hence almost inaccessible to the scientific community; although the early reviews (Bateman, 1935; Hollaender & Claus, 1937) and the excellent book by Rahn (1936) have described this early mitogenetic work in detail. In view of the contradictory results obtained with biological detectors, some of the early workers, among them Bateman (1935) introduced physical detectors such as photographic plate and UV-sensitive Geiger tube in order to detect the UV photon emissions. In fact, the results using physical detectors were as variable as those obtained with biological detectors. These developments in combination with the disproving papers, the best known being that by Hollan- der and Claus (1937), Gray and Quellet (1933) and Lorenz (1934), played a fatal role in the whole story. It is worth mentioning, however, that the latter article seemed to be not so important scientifically. A number of scientists working in this field (not only those who worked with Gurwitsch, O. Rahn from USA among them) easily revealed some obvious experimental errors in this work which have not been hidden by the authors themselves. These errors in- cluded, among others, the use of too young yeast cultures for testing the mito- genetic effect, though it was many times pointed out by Gurwitsch and others that at this stage yeast cells are not sensitive to external photons. However, this criticism was ignored and the refutation of the existence of mitogenetic rays claimed by Hollander and Claus was given wide publicity, and the overall interest in and recognition of Gurwitsch discovery began to decline in West European countries and USA. Despite this, work continued in East European countries with surprisingly little acknowledgement of the negative results of the above Western workers. Another reason for the decline was certainly the World War II, destroying, to the greatest extent, just Germany and Russia— two centers of the most intense studies of the problem. One may add to this the subsequent Lysenko persecutions of biology in Russia. Only small remnants of the former laboratory of Gurwitsch continued to work in this field in very restrictive conditions after 1948. This group was headed many years by Gur- witsch’s daughter Anna, also a Professor of Biology (Gurwitsch, 1988). Later, mitogenetic rays (i.e., UV emission associated with cell cycles) were detected with the use of electronic photomultipliers in several laboratories (Chwirot et al., 1986; Chwirot, 1992; Konev et al., 1966). Studies on Photon Emission With Photomultiplier Tubes The newly developed photomultiplier (PM) tube, which proved to be a very sensitive and reliable method for detection of very weak light, led to a limited revival of interest. The very weak light in the visible region was first detected in the 1950s. The first studies (Strehler and Arnold, 1951) involved photon emission from green plants, including three species of algae, following irradiation with visible light. In 1954 and 1955, Colli et al. described weak visible re- gion luminescence from seeds germinating in the dark (Colli & Facchini, Bio-Photons and Bio-Communication 187 1954; Colli et al., 1955). In the 1960s several Russian groups headed by Tarusov et al. (1967), Vladimirov (1966), and Zhuravlev et al. (1968) studied the visible region luminescence from many plants and animal species. Konev and coworkers (Konev, 1967; Konev et al., 1966) were the first to employ the UV-sensitive PM tube to detect UV photon emission from living organisms. They repeated some of the classical mitogenetic work using synchronized cultures of Candida utilis in order to determine whether UV photon emission was connected with cell division. They detected a UV emission peak which preced- ed the first wave of cell division by about 1 h and a second weaker peak which corresponded in the same way to the second synchronous division step. Konev’s group studied (Mamedov et al., 1969) over 100 different species of organisms covering 8 systematic types, including 13 algal, 9 yeast, and 8 bacterial species. They detected photon emission from about a third of the algae, bacteria, fungi and insects examined, but in the higher plants and vertebrates all the species investigated displayed luminescence. Only the protozoa gave no detectable photon emission from any of the species studied. The question of the extent to which this is due to the detection technique itself is only partly answered. In this respect, it is interesting to note that, at least for one of the species of bacteria (Escherichia coli) which gave no detectable luminescence, subsequent workers (Tilbury and Quickenden, 1988; Wang et al., 1990) have observed significant photon emission. This is possibly due to the greater sensitivity of the more recent PM tubes. Coming back to the problem of the authenticity of the data of Gurwitsch’s school, we have to consider separately two questions: (1) Does ultra-weak photon emission of living systems in the visible and UV range really take place? (2) Does ultraviolet light really stimulate cell division? So far, a positive reply to the first question is today beyond any doubts—measuring photon emission of biological organisms is a routine procedure now. Before going into depth with the second question attention is paid first to the biochemical experiments following the detection of this photon emission: the question of photon emission origin.

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فهرست مطالب:

مقدمه
سوال پژوهشی
روش ها
طرح
شرکت کننده ها
آنالیز های آماری
نتایج
بحث و نتایج
تفسیر نتایج
منابع
۱ مقدمه
۱ ۱ زمینه و وضعیت دانش
۱ ۱ ۱ فوتون ها
۱ ۱ ۲ بیوفوتون ها
۱ ۱ ۳ تاریخچه و پژوهش
۱ ۱ ۴ بیوفوتون ها و DNA
۱ ۱ ۵ انسجام
۱ ۱ ۶ دستکاه بیوفوتون درمانی
۱ ۲ ۱ توده سلولی
۱ ۲ ۲ دندریت ها
۱ ۲ ۳ آکسون ها
۱ ۲ ۴انتقال نورونی
۱ ۳ سوال پژوهشی
۲ روش ها
۲ ۱ طرح و اجرای مطالعه
۲ ۲ شرکت کننده ها
۲ ۳ مواد
۴ ۲ آنالیز های آماری
۳ نتایج
۳ ۱ ممیزی
۳ ۲ مشاهدات ویژه
۴ بحث و نتیجه گیری
۴ ۱ تفسیر نتایج
۴ ۲ اظهارت خود نقدی

بخشی از ترجمه:

هدف این مقدمه ارایه اطلاعاتی در خصوص زمینه و سابقه تحقیق مربوطه بر اساس مفاهیم بیوفوتون ها و فناوری کاربردی آن و یافته های تحقیقاتی در خصوص آن می باشد.
بیوفوتون ها، تشعشعاتی ضعیف از نور هستند که از سلول های همه موجودات زنده متصاعد می شوند. یک فوتون یک ذره منفرد از نور است. گیاهان، جانواران و انسان دارای یک شدت تصاعد نور از چند صد تا یک هزار فوتون در ثانیه در سانتی متر مربع بوده که خود یک طیف پیوسته ای در چارچوب دامنه اپتیکی حداقل ۲۰۰ تا ۸۰۰ نانومتر میباشد(۱). همه موجودات از جمله گیاهان به طور پیوسته تولید فوتون هایی به صورت بخشی از فعالیت های حیاتی خود می کنند. نور فوتون با چشم غیر مسلح قابل رویت نمی باشد.
بیوفوتون ها ایجاد یک شبکه ای منسجم و پویا از نور می کنند. این سیستم می تواند عامل واکنش های شیمیایی در داخل سلول ها، ارتباط سلول ها در سر تا سر موجود و تنظیم کلی سیستم بیولوژیکی باشند از جمله نمو جنین به یک شکل از قبل تعیین شده باشد. بر طبق نظر پاپ در یک مصاحبه زنده که در اینترنت هم می توان دید، یک واکنش شیمیایی در سلول در صورتی می تواند اتفاق بیفتد که مولکول واکنش دهنده توسط یک فوتون بر انگیخته شوند. از این رو فوتون برای تحریک یک مولکول برای انجام واکنش شیمیایی لازم است. از این رو هر سلول زنده تولید کننده نور است.

۱ مقدمه

بیوفوتون ها، تشعشعاتی ضعیف از نور هستند که از سلول های همه موجودات زنده متصاعد می شوند. یک فوتون یک ذره منفرد از نور است. گیاهان، جانواران و انسان دارای یک شدت تصاعد نور از چند صد تا یک هزار فوتون در ثانیه در سانتی متر مربع بوده که خود یک طیف پیوسته ای در چارچوب دامنه اپتیکی حداقل ۲۰۰ تا ۸۰۰ نانومتر میباشد(۱). بنابراین اعتقاد بر این است که واکنش های شیمیایی نظیر اکسیداسیون از منابع انرژی برای متصاعد شدن بیوفوتون ها در موجودات زنده است بر همین منوال، همه موجودات شامل گیاهان به طور پیوسته تولید بیو فوتون هایی به صورت بخشی از فعالیت های حیاتی آن ها می کنند.
گزارش شده است که تصاعد بیو فوتون ها بر اساس اختلافات در فرایند های رشدی است(۲) و با افزایش تنش های زیست محیطی تشدید شده( ۳) و برخی واکنش های بیماری شامل حمله پاتوژن نیز بر آن موثر می باشند(۴).
این تحقیق برای کسب درجه کارشناسی ارشد علوم بهداشت تلفیقی و مکمل از دانشگاه بهداشت و توسعه ب اتریش انجام شد. این پایان نامه به گزارش تحقیقات دانشمندان شامل اطلاعات اساسی و وضعیت دانش در خصوص موضوعات مربوطه می پردازد. اثرات تیمار فوتون روی نورون های کروتیکول ایزوله شده موش توسط دستگاه بیو فوتون بر طبق جی بزنیکل.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

1. INTRODUCTION Biophotons are light emissions from biological systems with intensities in the order of a few hundreds of photon / cm2 surface area, and an almost continuous spectrum within the optical range of at least 200-800nm [1]. Therefore, it is believed that chemical reactions such as oxidation are the source of energy for biophoton emissions in living bodies. Accordingly, all organisms, including plants, constantly produce biophotons as part of their vital activities. It has been reported that photon emissions vary according to differences in growth processes [2], and are elevated by environmental stresses [3] and disease response included by pathogen attack [4]. This research was performed to obtain the Academic Master Degree of Complementary and Integrated Health Sciences of the Interuniversity College for Health and Development, based in Graz, Austria. This thesis is established and written to report the authors research, including background information and state of knowledge on the associated subjects concerning our research; The Effects of Biophoton treatment, on isolated rat cortical neurons, through the Biophoton device according to J. Boswinkel 1.1 Background and State of Knowledge This introduction has the purpose to inform in general about the background of the related research that is based on the concepts of Biophotons and its applied technology, and the research findings behind it. One of the reasons to give some more explanation to this study field is that the focal point of Biophotons is not very common yet within the scientific community. The two groups of students, merely from the Netherlands, have decided together with the staff of the Interuniversity College, to explore this field more as the Biophoton theory in practice was also the study background of the members of these groups. In the final stage during the research period the students had either one of the two focuses to deal with: Fundamental Research or Clinical Research. And as already mentioned both groups work with the fundamentals of Biophotons. The different subjects of the theses are related to the agricultural aspects (seedlings, tomatoes, milk), animals (neurons) and human beings (clinical). What Biophotons are and how they work will be explained in the following paragraphs, starting with photons, then the Biophotons and finally some information on the ‘Biophoton Therapy Device J. Boswinkel’ used. 1.1.1 Photons In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the carrier for the electromagnetic force. The effects of this force are easily observable at both the microscopic and macroscopic level, because the photon has no rest mass; this allows for interactions at long distances. Like all elementary particles, photons are governed by quantum mechanics and will exhibit wave particle duality— they exhibit properties of both waves and particles. For example, a single photon Vastenburg, Dietrich MSc Thesis 2010 Interuniversity College Graz/Seggau 9 may be refracted by a lens or exhibit wave interference with itself, but also act as a particle giving a definite result when quantitative momentum is measured. The modern concept of the photon was gradually developed by Albert Einstein to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light. In particular, the photon model accounted for the frequency dependence of the energy of light, and explained the ability of matter and radiation to be in thermal balance [5]. The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, such as lasers, quantum field theory, and the possible interpretation of quantum mechanics. It has been applied to photochemistry, high- resolution microscopy and measurements of molecular distances. Recently, photons have been studied as elements of quantum computers and for sophisticated applications in optical communication such as quantum cryptography [6]. 1.1.2 Biophotons Biophotons are weak emissions of light radiated from the cells of all living things. A photon is a single particle of light. Plants, animals and humans have an intensity of their emission from some hundreds up to one thousand photons/second/cm², and an almost continuous spectrum within the optical range of at least 200 – 800 nm [7]. All organisms, including plants, constantly produce photons as part of their vital activities. The light of the photon is too faint to be seen by the naked eye. The weakness of its light can be compared to candlelight seen at a distance of 20 km. Photons have been detected and verified without doubt by using a photomultiplier [8]. As they appear from living cells, we call them Biophotons. The study field of Biophotons: Biophotonics, is part of Life Sciences, according to the International Institute of Biophysics, Neuss, Germany. 1.1.3 History and Research Around 1923 the Russian scientist Professor Alexander Gurwitsch discovered an “ultra weak” photon emission from living systems (onions and yeast), he suggested connections between photon emission and cell division rate. He called this photon emission “mitogenetic radiation” [9]. His experiments indicated the wavelength in the range of around 260 nm [10]. After initial world-wide recognition in the 1920s and 1930s, some claims appeared that the “mitogenetic radiation” did not exist at all. Because of that and the subsequent political cataclysms in Europe and Russia, work on this phenomenon dropped almost to zero level. However in the 1950’s a group of Italian physicists with L. Colli made a very sensitive photomultiplier with which they discovered in the spectrum range from green to red light emitted from seedlings, corn and beans with photons in quantity of 10 to a 100 per second per cm² [7]. It was in 1974 that the German biophysicist Prof. Dr. Fritz-Albert Popp proved the existence of the photons. At that time he was looking for an understanding about the optical properties of the molecule Benzpyrene in relation to carcinogenicity. With Gurwitsch at hand with the mitogenetic radiation research, Popp concluded that if the assumed optical effect of Benzpyrene were correct, then there must be some kind of light source in the cell, and very weak photon ‘signals’ would be able to trigger drastic changes in the behaviour of cells. With Popp’s photomultiplier, it was possible to prove that low-level light emissions are a common property of all living cells. It has different intensities for human, plant or animal cells, for different cell types, and it can vary from one moment to the next. It is not regular, but comes often as “photon explosion” (spikes), especially when the cells are irritated by outside means and in the case of cell death [9]. The results of Popp’s research also indicate that Biophotons originate from a coherent (or/and squeezed) photon field within the living organism, its function being intra and intercellular regulation and communication [11]. The Russian scientist A.B. Burlakov repeated the experiments of Gurwitsch in the 1990’s and proved that there is Biophoton exchange and influence between fertilized fish eggs that were in optical contact divided by quartz glass filters [12]. 1.1.4 Biophotons and DNA According to Prof. Popp, the leading researcher of Biophotons in the last 35 years, light is constantly being absorbed and remitted by DNA molecules within each cell’s nucleus. The DNA-string has the optimal length for receiving and sending electromagnetic frequencies with its information. Beside this, these Biophotons create a dynamic, coherent web of light. A system that could be responsible for chemical reactions within the cells, cellular communication throughout the organism, and the overall regulation of the biological system, including embryonic development into a predetermined form. According to Popp in a live interview, to be seen on the internet [13], a chemical reaction in a cell can only happen if the molecule which is reacting, is excited by a photon. So the photon is necessary to stimulate a molecule to a chemical reaction. So every living cell is producing light. 1.1.5 Coherence By photosynthesis, where the photons are used to get energy, the coherence is extremely high. Coherence means that the photons can be super positioned, so that the message which is submitted by the photons, gets very clear [11]. The laser-like coherence of the Biophoton field is a significant attribute, making it a prime candidate for exchanging information in a highly functional, efficient and cooperative fashion, lending credence to the idea that it may be the intelligence factor behind biological processes. It is a known fact that the speed of light is faster than any chemical reaction. Biophoton emissions will vary according to the functional state of the organism. If a disease such as cancer affects certain cells they will radiate a different photonic signature than healthy cells of the same type. In this way Biophotons can be a non-invasive tool for assessing the state of health or vitality. Applications can extend far into other areas like testing food and water quality, checking for chemical or electromagnetic contamination, or agricultural testing for products that improve crop resistance to disease. Biophysicists in many European and Asian countries are currently engaged in such research [14]. Popp’s Biophoton theories and concepts provide an intriguing and promising path for more international research, which could lead to major developments in our understanding of life, the mechanisms of healing and health for all living creatures, and the interconnection with the world around us.

نوشته دانلود ترجمه مقاله بررسی اثرات تیمار بیوفوتون روی نورون های کورتیکولی ایزوله شده موش اولین بار در ترجمه فا پدیدار شد.

بخشی از ترجمه:

برای تأمین امنیت شبکه تبادل پیام کوانتوم، طرحی را ارائه دادیم که از ایده‌ای در مبادله و تعویض مخمصه (گیرکردن) تبعیت می‌کند. در این طرح، سرورهای شبکه خدماتی را برای آماده کردن حالت‌های گیر افتاد GHZ به‌صورت کانال‌های کوانتوم ارائه می‌دهد. برای جلوگیری از استراق سمع، روش کنترل امنیت پیشنهاد می‌شود. پس از بررسی امنیت، هر یک از کاربران مجاز می‌توانند به‌صورت مستقیم و با امنیت خاطر پیام‌هایش را با شخص دیگر درون شبکه مخابره کند.
نتیجه‌گیری
طرح راحت و جدید برای شبکه تبادل پیام کوانتوم با مبادله و تعویض درگیری و به دام افتادن فقط به عملیات فوتون-واحد نیاز دارد و اندازه‌گیری‌های حالت –بل پیشنهادشده‌اند. در این طرح، اگر هر کاربر به سرور شاخه‌ای که خودش در آن هست اعتماد کند او اعتبار سرور را تأیید می‌کند، یک کانال کوانتوم را برای او فراهم می‌کند و فاز و مرحله ارتباط شروع می‌شود. پس از تأیید امنیت انتقال، کاربر معتبر در شبکه می‌تواند با اطمینان با دیگری ارتباط برقرار کند.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

We propose a scheme for secure quantum message exchanging network following the idea in entanglement swapping. In this scheme, the servers of the network provide the service for preparing the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states as quantum channels. For preventing the eavesdropping, a security checking method is suggested. After the security check, anyone of the authorized users can exchange his/her messages with another on the network securely and directly.

Conclusion

A new feasible scheme for quantum message exchanging network with entanglement swapping only needs single-photon operations, and Bell-state measurements is proposed. In this scheme, if each user trust on the server of the branch with himself/herself once he/she have passed authentication of the server, a quantum channel is provided to him/her, and communication phase will begins. After confirming the security of the transmission, an authorized user on the network can communicate another one securely.

نوشته دانلود ترجمه مقاله نقش درهم تنیدگی مبادله و طعمه فوتون در شبکه تبادل پیام کوانتوم اولین بار در ترجمه فا پدیدار شد.