بهبود عملکرد رشد، مورفولوژی روده و شاخص های بیوشیمی سرم جوجه های گوشتی در طی مبارزه با آنتریت نکروتیک با مکمل رژیم غذایی L-گلوتامین

Dietary L-glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, gut morphology, and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens during necrotic enteritis challenge

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

تصویری از مقاله ترجمه و تایپ شده در نرم افزار ورد

بهبود عملکرد رشد، مورفولوژی روده و شاخص های بیوشیمی سرم جوجه های گوشتی در طی مبارزه با آنتریت نکروتیک با مکمل رژیم غذایی L-گلوتامین

Dietary L-glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, gut morphology, and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens during necrotic enteritis challenge

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

اثر افزودن مکمل فیتاز میکروبی روی جوجه های گوشتی تغذیه شده از رژیم غذایی فسفات دی کلسیم پایین

Effect of Supplementing Microbial Phytase on Broiler Chicks Fed Low Di-calcium Phosphate Diets

Abstract

For this study 195 day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups with five replicates in each treatment group having 13 chicks per replicate per pen. Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric rations were prepared as: R-I served as control with 0.83% di-calcium phosphate (DCP); R-II contained 50% less DCP (0.41%) than R-I and R-III contained R-II plus phytase Quantum® Blue @ 100 g/ton feed. Daily feed intake and weekly body weight gain per replicate were recorded for 35 days. On 35th day, blood and tibia bone samples from 5 birds per treatment were collected. Total weight gain and dry matter intake in chicks fed rations I, II and III were 1861, 1736 and 2023 gm/bird and 3242, 3284 and 3265 gm/bird, respectively. The chicks fed R-III got 16.00 and 8.00% higher weight gain compared to chicks fed R-II and R-I, respectively. Feed: gain ratio (gm/gm) was found best (P<0.05) in chicks fed R-III (1.61) and poorer in chicks on R-II (1.89). The concentration of Ca and P were 10.60, 9.47 and 11.43 mg/dL and 5.76, 4.91 and 7.11 mg/dL in blood serum and 32.61, 31.36 and 32.83% and 16.57, 15.92 and 16.60% in tibia bone of chicks fed rations I, II and III, respectively. The total feed cost per unit weight gain of broilers fed R-III diet was numerically 14% and 9% less than the broilers fed R-II and R-I, respectively. Results suggested that exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to rations having low DCP had positive effects on weight gain, feed: gain ratio and economic efficiency in broiler chicks. 

1 Introduction

After calcium (Ca) the second abundant mineral in animal body is phosphorus (P) and majority (80%) of the P is found in bones and teeth (NRC, 1994). The P is not only essential for bone development, growth, health, production and reproduction but it also aids in energy metabolism, synthesis of sugars and maintenance of acid-base balance in the body. However, the quantity and availability of dietary P is vital for growing animals. It is well established that phytate is the major source of P in plant based feedstuffs. Since birds are unable to produce any endogenous phytase, therefore their capability to utilize P from phytate is very limited (Woyengo et al., 2010).

Phytate is a ubiquitous component of plant sourced feed ingredients which encompasses approximately twothirds of total plant P (Hughes et al., 2009). In poultry, phytate P is normally utilized with availability from 0 to 50%, depending on age and metabolic adaptation in critical circumstances. Therefore, to meet the P requirement, generally expensive inorganic P sources are added to poultry diets. This practice leads to non-utilization of a large portion of dietary P from feedstuff and its excretion in faeces (Hughes et al., 2008; Woyengo et al., 2010) which ultimately pollutes environment. Recently, microbial phytase supplementation in poultry diets has got remarkable attention to reduce negative impact of phytate P on environment and performance of birds (Ceylan et al., 2003; Francesch and Geraert, 2009). Since phytase efficiency in the digestive tract is influenced by various factors like phytase origin, type of birds and ambient temperature etc. Therefore, each phytase preparation for poultry must be tested on broilers/layers to ensure its efficacy (Hughes et al., 2008; Onyango et al., 2005). Information regarding effect of microbial phytase addition in broiler chicks’ diet having low DCP is limited. Therefore, current study was designed to asses the effect of microbial phytase supplementation in broiler chicks fed low DCP diets on growth, economic efficiency and P contents in serum and tibia bones.

عملکرد، کیفیت بستر و انتشار بوی گازی جوجه های گوشتی با تغذیه رژیم غذایی با مکمل فیتازی

Performance, litter quality and gaseous odour emissions of broilers fed phytase supplemented diets

Abstract

The effect of graded levels of phytase on performance, bone characteristics, excreta/litter quality and odorant emissions was examined using 720 Ross 308 male d-old broilers. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with 6 replicates of 15 birds per pen. Factors were: diets-positive and negative control (PC, NC); phytase – 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 FTU/kg. The PC was formulated to meet the 2014 Ross 308 nutrient specifications, whereas the NC was formulated with lower Ca (−1.4 g/kg), available P (−1.5 g/kg), Na (−0.3 g/kg), dLys (−0.2 g/kg) and MEn (−0.28 MJ/kg) equivalent to nutrient matrix values for 500 FTU/kg phytase in the starter, grower and finisher periods (i.e., downspec diet). On d 24, phytase decreased FCR by 1.6, 4.3 and 4.6 points at inclusion levels of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively (P < 0.01) across all diets. Phytase by diet interactions on BW gain were observed on d 24 and 35 (P < 0.01). The effect of phytase was much more pronounced in the NC diet as compared with the PC diet. On d 24, phytase increased BW gain by 37, 55 and 68 g in the PC and 127, 233 and 173 g in the NC at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively. Diet by phytase interactions were also observed for tibia ash, litter quality and water to feed intake ratio (P < 0.01) with higher phytase effect in NC as compared with PC. Neither diet nor phytase impacted excreta moisture content on d 18 or 21 (P > 0.05). Solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) analysis of gaseous emissions on d 39 indicated no difference in the emission of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, volatile fatty acids and phenols between treatments (P > 0.05). The results indicate that phytase has greater benefits when formulated using nutrient matrix values as compared with adding it over the top in an already nutrient sufficient diet. The later method would be expected to increase feed costs without concomitant performance benefits.

1 Introduction

Phytase is commonly used in broiler diets to degrade the phytate content, thus eliminating its anti-nutritional effects, which include reduced nutrient digestion, increased endogenous losses of nutrients and decreased performance (Woyengo and Nyachoti, 2013). The degradation of phytate at ileal or total tract level has been shown to be incomplete at the standard 500 FTU/kg inclusion rate of phytase (Selle and Ravindran, 2007). Phytase at higher levels produces extra-phosphoric effects in broilers, such as improved energy, amino acid and P digestibility (Amerah et al., 2014; Cowieson et al., 2011), and enhanced growth and feed efficiency (Walk et al., 2014). A recent study showed improvements in litter quality with higher doses of phytase (Bedford and Walk, 2015), although some reports suggest that phytase is associated with wet litter (Debicki-Garnier and Hruby, 2003; Bedford et al., 2012). Phytase may increase water consumption and contribute to wet droppings when formulated into diets without using nutrient matrix values. Phytase is normally assigned nutrient matrix values for amino acids/protein and energy in addition to Ca and P to incorporate it into least cost formulations (Shelton et al., 2004). The level of Na in basal diets and Na matrix for phytase are often overlooked during formulation. High dietary Na and/or Ca levels may trigger increased water consumption and hence diuresis and wet litter (Collett, 2012). Phytase added at higher rates without lowering dietary Na and/or Ca may consequently affect litter quality.

Wet litter and odour issues from poultry farms have become prominent worldwide. It is important to maintain litter quality to promote bird health and welfare and to minimize odour emissions. Litter quality may deteriorate due to increased excretion of minerals by birds (van der Hoeven-Hangoor et al., 2013). Phytate can bind with minerals and protein in the diet making them unavailable for digestion (Cowieson et al., 2006; Selle et al., 2012). Phytase may therefore potentially improve litter quality by increasing the bioavailability of minerals and protein. Excreta/litter quality is generally measured by water activity, moisture and free water contents (van der Hoeven-Hangoor et al., 2014). The amount of water in the litter has been found to affect microbial activity (Himathongkham et al., 1999; Wadud et al., 2012), ammonia emissions (Miles et al., 2011) and odorant emissions (Sharma et al., 2016). It is, therefore, important to study the effect of phytase on litter quality and odour emissions together with performance, especially when used at higher levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of graded levels of phytase in nutritionally adequate and downspec wheat based broiler diets on performance, excreta/litter quality and odour emissions.

تاثیر نوع غلات و آنزیم های اضافی بر عملکرد، فعالیت آنزیم وابسته به لوزالمعده، میکروفلورای روده ای و مورفولوژی روده در جوجه های گوشتی

Effect of Cereal Type and Enzyme Addition on Performance, Pancreatic Enzyme Activity, Intestinal Microflora and Gut Morphology of Broilers

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

تصویری از مقاله ترجمه و تایپ شده در نرم افزار ورد

اثر نوع غلات و آنزیم های اضافی بر کارایی، فعالیت آنزیم پانکراس ، میکروفلورای روده ای و مورفولوژی گوارشی در جوجه های گوشتی

Effect of Cereal Type and Enzyme Addition on Performance, Pancreatic Enzyme Activity, Intestinal Microflora and Gut Morphology of Broilers

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

تراکم مواد معدنی استخوان ران با رژیم هایی با تراکم مواد مغذی بالا در جوجه های گوشتی مبتلا به دژنرسانس

Femur Mineral Density of Broilers with Femoral Degeneration Fed High Nutritional Density Diets

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

تصویری از مقاله ترجمه و تایپ شده در نرم افزار ورد

تراکم مواد معدنی استخوان ران با رژیم هایی با تراکم مواد مغذی بالا در جوجه های گوشتی مبتلا به دژنرسانس

Femur Mineral Density of Broilers with Femoral Degeneration Fed High Nutritional Density Diets

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

ارزیابی فیتاز میکروبی در رژیم غذایی جوجه های گوشتی

Evaluation of Microbial Phytase in Broiler Diets

Abstract

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new microbial phytase (Phyzyme XP) for broiler chicks. Trial 1 used 192 8-d-old male broilers in a 14-d trial to assess growth and nutrient utilization. Dietary treatments (221.9 g/kg CP) included a positive control [5.0 g/kg nonphytate P (NPP)], negative control (1.2 g/kg NPP), and negative control plus 500 or 1,000 phytase units/kg of diet. Phytase addition increased weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and tibia and toe ash (linear, P < 0.01) with tibia ash also responding quadratically (P < 0.05). Apparent ileal digestibility of P (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), tryptophan, and valine (linear, P < 0.05) also increased. Linear and quadratic responses were observed for retention of DM, nitrogen, P, and several amino acids (P < 0.05) with added phytase. Trial 2 utilized 576 1-d-old male broilers over a 42-d period to evaluate growth performance. Diets were formulated for starter (222.7 g/kg CP) and grower (201.5 g/kg CP) phases and included a positive control (starter and grower, 5.0 and 3.8 g/kg NPP, respectively); negative control (starter and grower, 2.4 and 1.8 g/kg NPP, respectively); negative control plus 500, 750, or 1,000 phytase units/kg; and negative control plus 500 phytase units/kg of Natuphos phytase. Phytase increased weight gain and feed intake (starter, grower, overall) as well as feed efficiency during the starter period (linear, P < 0.05). Feed intake was also improved during the grower period and overall (quadratic, P < 0.05). Tibia and toe ash of birds fed for the first 21 d increased (linear, P < 0.05) with tibia ash also increasing quadratically (P < 0.05). Overall, tibia and toe ash were improved due to phytase addition (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). In conclusion, this microbial phytase, derived from Escherichia coli and expressed in Schizosaccaromyces pombe, elicited improved growth performance, bone mineralization, and P utilization in broiler chicks.

1 Introduction

A significant portion of the P in mature cereal grains and oilseeds is present as phytate P as this is the main storage form of plant P and inositol (Erdman, 1979; Maga, 1982). Nonruminant animals have insufficient phytase to effectively digest phytate (Nelson, 1971), hence inorganic P is often added to their diets. The excretion of P in animal manure has received the greatest attention as potential environmental pollutants of agricultural origin. Phosphates are not highly soluble in water but accumulate in soils that may eventually result in runoff and, along with N, lead to eutrophication of surface waters, a condition that is detrimental to aquatic animals. The poor digestive utilization of phytic acid P by monogastric animals and its consequences on diet cost, environment, and digestibility of minerals and proteins have led to extensive research efforts directed toward improving phytate digestion. Re- search has demonstrated definitively that phytase has merit as a tool for minimizing P excretion by increasing P availability and subsequent utilization (Ravindran et al., 1995a). The currently available feed-grade phytase products have room for improvement in efficacy. The search for novel phytase preparations, with relatively greater potency in intestinal phytate hydrolysis and better heat stability, is an ongoing process. In accordance with this goal, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient utilization when fed to broiler chicks in cornsoy based diets.

اثر مکمل فیتاز میکروبی روی عملکرد و استفاده از کلسیم، فسفر، مس و روی رژیم غذایی در جوجه های گوشتی با تغذیه از رژیم های ذرت-سویا

The Effects of Supplemental Microbial Phytase on the Performance and Utilization of Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper, and Zinc in Broiler Chickens Fed Corn-Soybean Diets

Abstract

A 3-wk feeding trial with 180 sexed day-old broiler chickens was conducted to study the efficacy of microbial phytase (Natuphos 1000) on growth performance, relative retention of P, Ca, Cu, and Zn, and mineral contents of plasma and bone. Treatments involved a normal P level corn-soybean diet, a low-P diet, and a low-P plus phytase (600 phytase units/kg) diet. Phytase supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) body weight in male and female chickens by 13.2 and 5.8%, respectively, at 21 d. The improvements yielded body weights comparable to those obtained on the normal P diet. Phytase supplementation overcame (P ≤ 0.05) the depression of feed intake observed on the low-P diet. Treatments had no effect on feed:gain ratio. Phytase supplementation of the low-P diet increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative retention of total P, Ca, Cu, and Zn by 12.5, 12.2, 19.3, and 62.3 percentage units, respectively, in male chickens. Microbial phytase increased the plasma P by 15.7% and reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the Ca concentration by 34.1%, but had no effect on plasma concentrations of Cu or Zn. Phytase supplementation increased the percentage ash in both head and shaft portions of dry, fat-free tibia bone to a level comparable to that of the normal-P diet. Phytase supplementation had no effect on the concentration of any of the minerals measured in whole tibia ash but did increase (P ≤ 0.05) the DM percentage of P and Ca in tibia head of male chickens by 0.65 and 1.4 percentage units, respectively. These results show that microbial phytase supplementation of a low-P diet increased growth and relative retention of total P, Ca, Cu, and Zn and improved bone mineralization in broiler chickens.

1 Introduction

Plant materials are the major constituents of poultry diets. About two-thirds of the P of plant origin is present as phytic acid in the form of myo-inositol phosphates (Cromwell, 1980). Phosphorus in the phytic acid form is poorly available to monogastric animals because they lack phytase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes phytic acid into inositol and orthophosphate (Peeler, 1972). It is well documented that microbial phytase supplementation improves the availability of phytate-bound P in broiler chickens (Nelson et al., 1971; Simons et ah, 1990; Roberson and Edwards, 1994). However, there is little information about the availability of trace minerals when the broiler diet is supplemented with microbial phytase.

Phytate, being a strong acid can form various salts with the important minerals such as Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, and K, thus reducing their solubility (Eardman, 1979). Nutritionally more important is the fact that maximum binding of Zn-Ca-Cu-phytate as well as Cu-Ca-phytate occurs at pH 6, which is the normal pH of the duodenum, where maximum absorption of divalent cations takes place (Oberleas, 1973). When phytic acid is hydrolyzed by microbial phytase it may release all phytate-bound minerals. However, in a very recent study, Aoyagi and Baker (1995) have shown that microbial phytase supplementation reduced the Cu utilization by 50% in chickens fed soybean meal. The authors speculated that phytase may have increased the Zn bioavailability in soybean meal and the released Zn might have had antagonized the absorption of Cu. In another study with broiler chickens, Roberson and Edwards (1994) have shown that phytase addition to a corn-soybean meal diet did not affect the Zn retention whereas phytase plus 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [l,25-(OH)2D3] increased Zn retention. The lack of information and contradictions concerning the efficacy of phytase on the availability of trace minerals indicate the need for more investigation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of microbial phytase supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed low-P corn-soybean meal diets,and to study the efficacy of microbial phytase on the apparent availability of Ca, P, and trace minerals such as Cu and Zn and on the mineral contents of bone and plasma.

تاثیر آنتی اکسیدان ها بر استرس اکسیداتیو جوجه های گوشتی و پایداری اکسیداتیو گوشت آن

Antioxidants: their effects on broiler oxidative stress and its meat oxidative stability

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

تصویری از مقاله ترجمه و تایپ شده در نرم افزار ورد

تاثیر آنتی اکسیدان ها بر استرس اکسیداتیو جوجه های گوشتی و پایداری اکسیداتیو گوشت آن

Antioxidants: their effects on broiler oxidative stress and its meat oxidative stability

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

رابطه جایگزینی سورگوم در جیره جوجه های گوشتی و عملکرد و یکپارچگی مخاط روده

Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in broiler diets on performance and intestinal mucosa integrity

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

تصویری از مقاله ترجمه و تایپ شده در نرم افزار ورد

رابطه جایگزینی سورگوم در جیره جوجه های گوشتی و عملکرد و یکپارچگی مخاط روده

Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in broiler diets on performance and intestinal mucosa integrity

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

بررسی تركيبات گیاهان دارویی مختلف در رژیم غذایی جوجه‌های گوشتی

Evaluation of different medicinal plants blends in diets for broiler chickens

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.

بررسی ترکیبات گیاهان دارویی مختلف در رژیم غذایی جوجه‌های گوشتی

Evaluation of different medicinal plants blends in diets for broiler chickens

• برای دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی با فرمت pdf بر روی عنوان انگلیسی مقاله کلیک نمایید.
• برای خرید و دانلود ترجمه فارسی آماده با فرمت ورد، روی عنوان فارسی مقاله کلیک کنید.