دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله روشی چند معیاره جهت طراحی موثر ارگونومیک ایستگاه های کاری سیستم تولید – الزویر ۲۰۰۹

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۱- مقدمه:
پيچيدگي زياد واحدهاي صنعتي (سيستم‌هاي توليدي) در زمينه روابط متقابل آنان و محيط‌هاي كاري صنعتي دائما مشكلاتي را براي كارهاي محققان در اين زمينه خاص (ارگونومي) بوجود مي‌آورد. در طي ساليان گذشته، مشكلات و مسائل ارگونوميك هر چه بيشتر مهم شده‌اند و اين اهميت به خاطر تاثير اين مسائل بر بهره‌وري و بازدهي واحدهاي صنعتي مي‌باشد. كارهاي تحقيقاتي و علمي متفاوتي انجام شده است تا به طراحي مناسب ارگونوميك در واحدهاي صنعتي دست يابد.
در اواخر دهه‌ي ۹۰، طراحي مناسب ايستگاههاي كاري سيستم‌هاي توليدي از ارگونوميك با استفاده از سيستم ضبط ويدئويي براي جمع‌آوري داده‌ها پشتيباني مي‌شد. پس اين داده‌ها تجزيه و تحليل مي‌شد و طراحي ايستگاه كاري با استفاده از روش آزمون و خطا انجام مي‌شد. (در عمل، طراحي هيچگاه توسط يك طرح مناسب و عملي پشتيباني نمي‌شد) طراحي نهايي ايستگاه كاري از جنبه ارگونوميك بستگي به تجزيه محقق و اطلاعات او در مورد سيستم توليد داشت. به علاوه روش طراحي معمولا بر مبناي يك معيار ارگونوميك بوده است (مثل ميزان مصرف انرژي، وضعيت يا چگونگي انجام كار و …) كه اين تك معيار، مربوط به يكي از استانداردهاي خاص ارگونوميك بوده است.
مد نظر گرفتن بيش از يك استاندارد و معيار گام بعدي محققان در زمينه ارگونومي بوده است. نكته مهم ديگري كه بايد در طراحي ايستگاههاي كاري سيستم‌هاي توليدي در نظر گرفت، رابطه همين مفاهيم اندازه‌گيري كار و ارگونومي مي‌باشد.
هدف اندازه‌گيري كار، ارزيابي زمانهاي استاندارد براي انجام يك فعاليت خاص مي‌باشد، در مقابل مفاهيم ارگونومي، اكثرا به مطالعه كار اشاره دارد و قوانين حاكم بر روابط متقابل انسان و محيط كار را مورد مطالعه قرار مي‌دهد. در عين حال اندازه‌گيري كار و عوامل ارگونوميكي بر يكديگر تاثير مي‌گذارند، عوامل ارگونوميك بر زمان مورد نياز براي انجام يك فعاليت تاثير مي‌گذارند، همانطور كه هر تغييري در روش انجام كار بر شرايط ارگونوميكي محل كار تاثير مي‌گذارد. معمولا تجزيه و تحليل با استفاده از ايستگاههاي كاري واقعي بسيار پرهزينه است (هم از نظر مالي و هم از نظر زمان) زيرا اين امر احتياج به اختلال در فعاليتها و فرآيند سيستم توليد دارد. در اين زمينه شبيه سازي، يك روش براي حل اين مشكل و ايجاد يك پيشينه از سيستم و تجزيه و تحليل رفتار و انجام تحليل «اگر چه» مي‌باشد. علاوه بر اين شبيه سازي مي‌تواند همزمان توسط محيطهاي مجازي سه بعدي استفاده شود. محيط مجازي سه بعدي يك ابزار قوي براي بررسي و مشاهده تغييرات محيط كار در طول زمان مي‌باشد، همچنين به كمك آن مي‌توان مشكلات ارگونوميكي كه تشخيص آن مشكل است را شناخت.

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۱٫ Introduction

The high complexity of the industrial plants (i.e. manufacturing systems) in terms of interactions between humans and their industrial working environment continuously provides challenging problems for researchers working in this specific field. In effect, during the last years, ergonomic problems became more and more important due to their effects on industrial plants efficiency and productivity. A number of different research works and scientific approaches have been proposed, trying to achieve the ergonomic effective design of the workstations belonging to industrial plants. In the late 90s, the ergonomic effective design of manufacturing system workstations was mostly supported by videotaping systems used for data collection, i.e. the videotape of the worker performing the manufacturing operations is used for collecting informations about the work methods (Das and Sengupta, 1996; Kadefors and Forsman, 2000; Scott and Lambe, 1996). In order to achieve the ergonomic effective design of the manufacturing system workstations, such research works analyze the videotape of the work methods and assume a trial and error methodology (in effect the design methodology is never supported by a well-defined experimental design). The final ergonomic design of the workstations depends on researcher’s experience and his/her knowledge about the manufacturing system. In addition, the design methodology is usually based on a single ergonomic performance measure (i.e. lift index, energy expenditure measure, work postures, etc.) related to a specific ergonomic standard such as the Ovako Working Posture analysis System (OWAS), the Burandt–Schultetus analysis, the NIOSH 81 and NIOSH 91 equations (NIOSH stands for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), the Garg analysis. Examples of research works that propose a design methodology for manufacturing system workstations based on a single ergonomic performance measure are Kharu et al. (1981), Engels et al. (1994), Temple and Adams (2000), Lin and Chan (2007),Waters et al. (2007). The integration of two or more ergonomic standards (design methodology based on multiple performance measures) was the successive step carried out by the researchers working in this specific area for achieving multiple and simultaneous ergonomic improvements. Examples of ergonomic standards integration can be found in Wright and Haslam (1999) and Russell et al. (2007). Another important issue to take into consideration in the manufacturing workstations design is the relation between the concepts of work measurement and ergonomics. The measurement of the work aims at evaluating the time standard for performing a particular operation. On the contrary, the concept of ergonomics is often indicated as study of work (Zandin, 2001) and studies the principles that rule the interaction between humans and their working environments. In effect the work measurement and the ergonomics affect each other: ergonomic interventions affect the time required for performing the operations as well as any change to the work method affects the ergonomics of the workplace. Laring et al. (2002) and Udosen (2006) take into consideration in their research works both ergonomics and work measurement aspects. Finally the last important aspect is whether the ergonomic effective design is carried out by analyzing directly the real manufacturing workstations or by using computerized models. Usually the analysis of the real workstations is quite expensive (in terms of money and time) because it requires to ‘‘disturb’’ processes and activities of the manufacturing system. According to Banks (1998), in this context simulation is a problem solving methodology for creating an artificial history of the system, analyzing its behaviour, carrying out what-if analysis. Furthermore, simulation can be jointly used with virtual three-dimensional environments. A virtual three-dimensional environment is a powerful tool for observing the workplace evolution over the time, detecting ergonomic problems that, otherwise, would be difficult to detect. Wilson (1997) proposes an overview on attributes and capabilities of virtual environments devoted to support ergonomic design; Longo et al. (2006) use M&S in combination with 3-D virtual environments, ergonomic standards and work measurement for supporting the effective design of an assembly line still not in existence. The contribution of the paper to the state of the art is twofold: (i) the authors propose a methodology for achieving the ergonomic effective design of workstations within industrial environments and (ii) apply such methodology to the workstations belonging to a real industrial plant that manufactures high-pressure hydraulic hoses. The methodology is based on multiple design parameters, Design of Experiments (DOE) and multiple performance measures. It takes into account both the interaction of the operators with their working environment and the work methods and it is supported by Modeling & Simulation (M&S) and virtual three-dimensional environments for creating a simulation model of the real manufacturing plant. In particular, the simulation model is used for comparing the actual workstations with workstations’ alternative configurations by carrying out a well-planned Design of Experiments based on multiple design parameters. The choice of the workstations final configuration is made according to multiple ergonomic and time performance measures. The paper is organized as follows. The explanation of the design methodology is made contextually to its application within a real industrial environment (a manufacturing system). To this end, Sections 2 and 3 respectively describe the manufacturing system and the implementation of the simulation model of the workstations. Section 4 explains the design methodology: how to define the multiple design parameters and the multiple performance measures and how to use the Design of Experiment (DOE) for testing a comprehensive set of workstations’ different configurations. Section 5 presents the application of the design methodology and the achievement of the ergonomic effective design of the workstations. The last section reports the conclusions that summarize the scientific and academic value of the work.