این مقاله انگلیسی ISI در نشریه الزویر در 9 صفحه در سال 2014 منتشر شده و ترجمه آن 17 صفحه میباشد. کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله رایگان – برنزی ⭐️ بوده و به صورت کامل ترجمه شده است.
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی + خرید ترجمه فارسی | |
عنوان فارسی مقاله: |
احیای اکولوژیکی در دریای عمیق: دسیدراتا |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: |
Ecological restoration in the deep sea: Desiderat |
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مشخصات مقاله انگلیسی | |
فرمت مقاله انگلیسی | |
سال انتشار | 2014 |
تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی | 9 صفحه با فرمت pdf |
نوع مقاله | ISI |
نوع نگارش | مقاله پژوهشی (Research article) |
نوع ارائه مقاله | ژورنال |
رشته های مرتبط با این مقاله | جغرافیا |
گرایش های مرتبط با این مقاله | هیدروژئومورفولوژی در برنامه ریزی محیطی، ژئومورفولوژی در برنامه ریزی محیطی |
چاپ شده در مجله (ژورنال) | سیاست دریایی – Marine Policy |
کلمات کلیدی | منابع دریای عمیق، علم احیاء، سیاست دریایی |
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی | Deep-sea resource use – Restoration science – Marine policy – Hydrothermal vents – Cold-water corals |
ارائه شده از دانشگاه | آزمایشگاه دریایی ، دانشکده محیط زیست نیکلاس ، دانشگاه دوک ، ایالات متحده آمریکا |
نمایه (index) | Scopus – Master Journals – JCR |
شناسه شاپا یا ISSN | 0308-597X |
شناسه دیجیتال – doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.07.006 |
ایمپکت فاکتور(IF) مجله | 3.037 در سال 2019 |
شاخص H_index مجله | 79 در سال 2020 |
شاخص SJR مجله | 1.242 در سال 2019 |
شاخص Q یا Quartile (چارک) | Q1 در سال 2019 |
بیس | نیست ☓ |
مدل مفهومی | ندارد ☓ |
پرسشنامه | ندارد ☓ |
متغیر | ندارد ☓ |
رفرنس | دارای رفرنس در داخل متن و انتهای مقاله ✓ |
کد محصول | F1712 |
نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مشخصات و وضعیت ترجمه فارسی این مقاله | |
فرمت ترجمه مقاله | pdf و ورد تایپ شده با قابلیت ویرایش |
وضعیت ترجمه | انجام شده و آماده دانلود |
کیفیت ترجمه | ترجمه رایگان – برنزی ⭐️ |
تعداد صفحات ترجمه تایپ شده با فرمت ورد با قابلیت ویرایش | 17 صفحه (1 صفحه رفرنس انگلیسی) با فونت 14 B Nazanin |
ترجمه عناوین جداول | ترجمه نشده است ☓ |
ترجمه متون داخل جداول | ترجمه نشده است ☓ |
ترجمه ضمیمه | ندارد ☓ |
ترجمه پاورقی | ندارد ☓ |
درج جداول در فایل ترجمه | درج شده است ✓ |
منابع داخل متن | به صورت عدد درج شده است ✓ |
منابع انتهای متن | به صورت انگلیسی درج شده است ✓ |
کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله پایین میباشد. |
فهرست مطالب |
چکیده |
بخشی از ترجمه |
چکیده |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی |
Abstract An era of expanding deep-ocean industrialization is before us, with policy makers establishing governance frameworks for sustainable management of deep-sea resources while scientists learn more about the ecological structure and functioning of the largest biome on the planet. Missing from discussion of the stewardship of the deep ocean is ecological restoration. If existing activities in the deep sea continue or are expanded and new deep-ocean industries are developed, there is need to consider what is required to minimize or repair resulting damages to the deep-sea environment. In addition, thought should be given as to how any past damage can be rectified. This paper develops the discourse on deep-sea restoration and offers guidance on planning and implementing ecological restoration projects for deep-sea ecosystems that are already, or are at threat of becoming, degraded, damaged or destroyed. Two deep-sea restoration case studies or scenarios are described (deep-sea stony corals on the Darwin Mounds off the west coast of Scotland, deep-sea hydrothermal vents in Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea) and are contrasted with on-going saltmarsh restoration in San Francisco Bay. For these case studies, a set of socio-economic, ecological, and technological decision parameters that might favor (or not) their restoration are examined. Costs for hypothetical restoration scenarios in the deep sea are estimated and first indications suggest they may be two to three orders of magnitude greater per hectare than costs for restoration efforts in shallow-water marine systems.. 1- Introduction The deep-sea—defined here as ocean beyond the shelf break and depths greater than 200 m—is increasingly recognized as a fertile area for offshore industrialization. Current or future activities include fishing, waste disposal, cable lays associated with telecommunications, scientific research, oil and gas development, bioprospecting, mineral extraction, and tourism. Past, on-going, and anticipated human activities and impacts in the deep sea have been increasingly documented since the start of this century [1–12]. In response to these mounting and potentially synergistic impacts, there have been calls for a precautionary approach to continuing and new activities in the deep sea [6], application of spatial and adaptive management tools [7,13,14], development of research programs to quantify goods and services provided by deep-sea ecosystems [7,15] and continuing study of ocean governance and protection of the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction [16]. In addition, there is a consensus on the need to establish environmental baselines [8,17] and to improve tools to predict, manage and mitigate anthropogenic impacts [6,7,18]. Spatial management of the deep sea—including establishment of networks of marine sanctuaries and protected areas—has received considerable attention [3,11]. Area closures and ‘moveon’ rules for High Seas bottom fisheries have been implemented by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations [13,19,20]. Other conservation and management tools and actions implemented through international treaties, conventions, and agreements include identification and protection of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs; UNGA61/105) [13,20] and Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) [21,22], as well as a call for networks of Chemosynthetic Ecosystem Reserves [23] for deepsea hydrothermal vent and seep ecosystems. What has been missing to date, however, from the deep-sea conservation, management, and sustainable development discourse is the topic of restoration. Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed; it is an intentional activity that reinitiates ecological processes that were interrupted by human activities [35]. Restoration aims to recover biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, health, and integrity, both for humans and for other living organisms [24]. Ecological restoration is increasingly recognized as a global priority in terrestrial and shallow-water ecosystems [25–27]. In contrast, restoration in the deep sea has yet to receive much attention. At its 11th Conference of the Parties (COP11) in October 2012, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) called on its 173 Contracting Parties to commit to helping identify and restore at least 15% of degraded ecosystems for every ecosystem type on the planet by 2020, including the conservation of at least 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services (CBD COP11 Decision XI/16). A key issue regarding deep-sea restoration focuses on the obligation of responsible parties to undertake steps to repair damage that result from commercial or other activities that affect the environment. Industries that impact terrestrial and coastal systems are liable for injuries to natural resources, must declare the damage they cause, and pay for habitat recovery; as such, industry needs to include an assessment of restoration costs in their project plans [28]. International guidelines for management of deep-sea fisheries indicate that this industry does not yet take responsibility for restoring seabed ecosystems after impacts of trawling activities [29]. In contrast, there is evidence that the seafloor minerals extraction industry does consider environmental impacts and the need for offsets. The voluntary IMMS Code for Environmental Management of Marine Mining developed by the International Marine Minerals Society [30] recommends that plans for mining include at the outset procedures that “aid in the recruitment, re-establishment and migration of biota and to assist in the study of undisturbed, comparable habitats before, during, and after mining operation”, including “long-term monitoring at suitable spatial and temporal scales and definition of the period necessary to ensure remediation plans are effective”. Such plans are incorporated into the Environmental Impact Statement of the first project to propose mineral extraction at a deep-sea site [31]. In this case, the company involved with the development recognized and embraced the concept of investing in restoration of the deep sea as a corporate responsibility and an important component of a culture of environmental stewardship.. |
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی + خرید ترجمه فارسی | |
عنوان فارسی مقاله: |
احیای اکولوژیکی در دریای عمیق: دسیدراتا |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: |
Ecological restoration in the deep sea: Desiderat |
|