دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله بررسی خرابی خطوط لوله، رایزرها و کابل های مرکزی – الزویر 2018
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی خرابی های خطوط لوله، لوله های بالارو و کابل های مرکزی: بررسی ادبیات به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله | خرابی های خطوط لوله، لوله های بالارو و کابل های مرکزی: بررسی ادبیات |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | Pipelines, risers and umbilicals failures: A literature review |
رشته های مرتبط | مهندسی صنایع و مهندسی نفت، مهندسی سیستم های سلامت، ایمنی صنعتی و مهندسی حفاری |
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توضیحات | ترجمه این مقاله به صورت خلاصه انجام شده است. |
نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مجله | مهندسی اقیانوس – Ocean Engineering |
سال انتشار | 2018 |
کد محصول | F874 |
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فهرست مقاله: مقدمه |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: • نتیجه گیری |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 5. Conclusions This paper aims at reporting a literature review on failure events experienced by the oil and gas industry concerning pipelines, risers, and umbilical cables. Pipelines are structures widely used in oil and gas production facilities and occasionally may fail leading to hydrocarbons releases. In the past ten years, three hundred offshore pipeline incidents happened, and seventy one of them involved hydrocarbon releases (Aljaroudi et al., 2015). These numbers are relevant and pointed out the need of deeper studies about the causes of these structural failures. The main failure modes experienced by pipelines during production are identified as mechanical damage (impact or accidental damage), external and/or internal corrosion, construction defect, material or mechanical failure, natural hazards and fatigue. Taking into account the failure events reported, impact is indicated as the most frequent cause of failure modes, representing 56% of the incidents in the North Sea. Another relevant failure mode is associated with internal corrosion, which represents 31% of the incidents in the US. Internal corrosion is mostly explained by microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) or by ingress of CO2 traces combined with H2S. Facing these statistics, further studies and analysis addressing impact and corrosion failures in pipelines are strongly recommended for future studies. Additionally, pipe buckling and overbending can result from longitudinal compressive stresses caused by an increase of temperature combined with the presence of soil friction or constrained ends (Simonsen, 2014). Concerning the pipeline-seabed interaction under waves and/or currents, a vast review of published researches is presented by Fredsøe (2016), including three issues: scour, liquefaction, and lateral stability of pipelines. The process of scour around a pipeline is dependent on the pipeline-seabed interaction, which is influenced by the movement of the pipeline due to bending along the scour process. When the pipe is located in a free span, it may vibrate as a result of waves and/or current (Sumer et al., 1989; Shen et al., 2000; Zhao and Cheng, 2010), which causes an additional pulsating flow around the pipe, leading to an expansion of the scoured-bed profile. Noncohesive soil in the seabed exposed to waves may undergo liquefaction, when pipelines placed on the seabed may sink if their submerged density is higher than the liquefied soil density. Similarly, buried pipelines may float to the bed surface when their submerged density is lower than that of the surrounding liquefied soil (Fredsøe, 2016). In terms of flow-pipe-soil interaction mechanism, advances were shown by Gao et al. (2002, 2007), and Teh et al. (2003). Gao et al. (2002) identified three characteristic stages in the process of pipe lateral instability: (a) onset of sand scour; (b) pipe rocking, and (c) pipe breakout. Rigid risers can be split into top tensioned risers (TTR) and steel catenary risers (SCR). The main failure incidents to the former occur in workover/drilling operations. The main failure modes associated are drilling induced vibration fatigue and riser wear due to contact with the drill string. Even though steel catenary risers are not widely used, they are a very attractive option for deeper waters. However, they are very sensitive to cyclic loadings and, consequently, susceptible to fatigue failure. There are two critical fatigue areas in these structures: the vessel hang-off point and the touchdown point, where the bending moment is the highest. It can be noticed from literature review, that few studies about failure in rigid risers were accomplished. According to Hokstad et al. (2010), approximately 85% of floating systems risers are of flexible pipe type. This is a huge number, which deserves high attention to possible failures modes, considering their wide application by industry. After a comprehensive literature review, some failure modes were identified: collapse, burst, tensile rupture, compressive rupture, overbending, torsional rupture, fatigue, erosion and corrosion. Although flexible risers may fail in different ways, collapse due to external pressure was reported as the most frequent failure mode. Failure cases involving tensile armors rupture and burst were also reported. The paper also discussed failures in umbilical cables. Bryant (1990) reported failures due to tension or compression, torsion, fatigue, wear and sheaving. The last one is a frequent failure mechanism associated with the use of static sheaves, such as curved plates during umbilical installation. Another author (Rabelo, 2013) cataloged the major non-compliances that occurred in umbilical cables, such as cracks in the outer jacket, ripples, kinks, offset of the external sheath, and tensile armour wire break. These failure modes are widely covered by the industry, with a lot of studies and projects aiming to mitigate or solve the related problems. Although the readers may be concerned about the failure mechanisms of the reported structures, it is not possible to explore them in a single article. Here the aim is to bring a general view of the documented failures, so that the reader can go in deep from the mentioned references. From the analyzed structures, some key factors should be highlighted in view of the reported failures, i.e. water depth, structure complexity and environmental conditions. The increasing water depth potentially makes the installation and operation of such structures more dangerous, since the involved loads are higher, i.e. axial tension, external pressure, bending and torsion. Most of the reported failures are directly related to conditions of extreme loads or combinations of them. Structural complexity also increases the mechanical response modes and so far, the failure possibilities. It is clear that the multi-layered pipes and cables present much more failure mechanisms than single wall structures. Certainly, there are hundreds of publications addressing these different failure mechanisms and the readers are encouraged to access them. Finally, the environmental conditions are always harmful for such engineering structures. They can be corrosive (chemically aggressive), dynamical (causing fatigue) and sometimes extreme within severe weather conditions. Because of this, the design, installation and operation of pipelines, risers and umbilicals will be always a challenging task. |