دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله رابطه اجزای جزئی تجهیزات حفاظتی شخصی آتشنشانان و درک ذهنی آنها – اسپرینگر ۲۰۱۴
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تاثیرات اجزای جزیی تجهیزات محافظت شخصی آتش نشان ها بر درک ذهنی به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | تاثیرات اجزای جزیی تجهیزات محافظت شخصی آتش نشان ها بر درک ذهنی |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Influences of partial components in firefighters’ personal protective equipment on subjective perception |
رشته های مرتبط: | ایمنی و آتش نشانی، مهندسی صنایع، روانشناسی، مهندسی ایمنی، روانشناسی صنعتی و سازمانی |
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نشریه | اشپرینگر – Springer |
کد محصول | f361 |
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بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: مقدمه |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Introduction Firefighters encounter a range of physiological burden when dealing with tasks under conditions of high environmental heat stress (Barr et al. 2010; Rossi 2003). Not only do they experience an increased metabolic rate resulting from performing physical tasks such as fire suppressing, searching, and rescuing with burdensome equipment (Barr et al. 2010; Gledhill and Jamnik 1992; Qu and Yeo 2011) but they also face disrupted heat dissipation induced by flame-resistant fabric and multi-layered clothing (Rossi 2003). Although the personal protective equipment (PPE) contribute to efficient protection against hazardous environments, studies have shown the existence of high cardiorespiratory and thermal strain along with feelings of discomfort in hazardous environments requiring the use of impermeable protective clothing (McLellan et al. 1999, Son et al. 2013; Turpin-Legendre and Meyer 2007; White et al. 1989). In an effort to relieve firefighters’ physiological burden, various methods including lessening the weight of total PPE (Griefahn et al. 2003; Hooper et al. 2001), using ventilation (Turpin-Legendre and Meyer 2007), and active cooling with ice cooling vest or water (Barr et al. 2009; Barr et al. 2011; Chou et al. 2008) were widely studied. In particular, using devices for cooling or ventilation could result in both increased weight of clothing, which induced additional physiological and physical strain, and increased cost of firefighting gear. For this reason, studies rating the efficiency of various body parts for applying cooling or ventilating are needed. Taylor et al. (2012) explored the fractional contributions of each part of the firefighter’s protective gear in order to detect the segment of clothing which significantly mitigates physiological burden. The results showed that footwear induced the greatest relative metabolic impact during walking and bench stepping, being 8.7 and 6.4 times greater per unit mass than the breathing apparatus. The study found that the most efficient way to reduce the physiological burden of firefighters’ protective equipment would be to reduce the mass of the boots. Reducing the boots’ mass can effectively alleviate wearers fatigue along with metabolic rate (Blacker et al. 2010; Knapik et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2013; Taylor et al. 2012) since the feet are known as one of the most inefficient locations for load carriage as well was the hands (Lind and McNicol 1968). Most studies have investigated the physiological strain of firefighters due to the PPE or evaluated physiological responses along with psychological responses which have been supportive information. However, very few studies focused on the subjective measures regarding firefighters’ PPE and still no published research is available that investigates subjective perception for evaluating the fractional influence of PPE. Subjectively perceived sensations of heat play a key role in thermoregulatory behavior through a feed forward system, resulting in a delay of autonomic thermoregulation (Bligh 1973). Several studies explored the impact factors for thermal comfort in neutral environments (Frank et al. 1998), various environments (Gagge et al. 1967), or during exercise (Winslow et al. 1939). Significant correlations between thermal sensation and rectal temperature were reported (White et al. 1989), Thermal comfort showed a strong correlation with skin wetness (Gagge and Gonzalez 1974; Havenith et al. 2002). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate firefighters’ various subjective perceptions including thermal sensation, thermal comfort, sweat sensation, thirst sensation, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) while wearing a wide range of PPE combinations. Total sweat rate, clothing microclimate humidity and blood lactate concentration were evaluated as the supportive measures of subjective perceptions. We hypothesized that reducing the mass of footwear (or removing boots) would be more effective in relieving psychological strain as well than reducing the load carried by the head, trunk, or hands. Methods Subjects Eight professional male firefighters participated in the study [mean ± SD: 39.4 ± ۵٫۶ years in age, 173.9 ± ۳٫۸ cm in height, 74.2 ± ۱۰٫۰ kg in body mass, 1.88 ± ۰٫۱۳ m2 in body surface area, 20.2 ± ۷٫۴% body fat (%BF), 42.0 ± ۵٫۱ ml∙kg−۱ ∙min−۱ in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 197 ± ۶ bpm in maximal heart rate (HRmax), and 10.4 ± ۷٫۰ years of employment]. Prior to obtaining written informed consent, the subjects were all informed of the content, purpose, and potential risks of the present study. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University (IRB #1209/ 001-001). Each firefighter visited nine times at the same time of a day for the VO2max test and eight experimental trials. They were encouraged to refrain from alcohol use and strenuous exercise for 48 h, along with food and caffeine for 3 h prior to each trial. On such occasions that emergency called for firefighting, the experimental schedule of the firefighter was rescheduled to keep above regulations. Each visit was separated by at least 48 h while the eight trials were completed over a span of four weeks. To avoid the effect of familiarization during the eight tests, the experiments were scheduled across subjects according to the Latin square method. |