دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی طراحی یا برنامه ریزی راهبردی در محیط آشفته: شواهدی از متخصصان اصلی نفت به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | طراحی یا برنامه ریزی راهبردی در محیط آشفته: شواهدی از متخصصان اصلی نفت |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | STRATEGIC PLANNING IN A TURBULENT ENVIRONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE OIL MAJORS |
رشته های مرتبط: | مدیریت، مدیریت استراتژیک، مدیریت اجرایی و مدیریت عملکرد |
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نشریه | وایلی – Wiely |
کد محصول | f221 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: The long-running debate between the ‘rational design ‘ and ’emergent process ‘ schools of strategy formation has involved caricatures of firms ‘ strategic planning processes, but little empirical evidence of whether and how companies plan. Despite the presumption that environmental turbulence renders conventional strategic planning all but impossible, the evidence from the corporate sector suggests that reports of the demise of strategic planning are greatly exaggerated. The goal of this paper is to fill this empirical gap by describing the characteristics of the strategic planning systems of multinational, multibusiness companies faced with volatile, unpredictable business environments. In-depth case studies of the planning systems of eight of the world’s largest oil companies identified fundamental changes in the nature and role of strategic planning since the end of the 1970s. The findings point to a possible reconciliation of ‘design ‘ and ‘process ‘ approaches to strategy formulation. The study pointed to a process of planned emergence in which strategic planning systems provided a mechanism for coordinating decentralized strategy formulation within a structure of demanding performance targets and clear corporate guidelines. The study shows that these planning systems fostered adaptation and responsiveness, but showed limited innovation and analytical sophistication. INTRODUCTION Since the early 1980s, strategic planning?syste matic, formalized approaches to strategy formula tion?has come under heavy attack from manage ment scholars. Criticisms have addressed the the oretical foundations of strategic planning, partic ularly the impossibility of forecasting (Mintzberg, 1994b: 110), while empirical evidence?both lon gitudinal case studies (e.g., Mintzberg and Waters, 1982; Pascale, 1984) and investigations of strategic decision making (e.g., Bower, 1970; Burgelman, 1983)?points to strategies emerging from the weakly coordinated decisions of multiple organi zational members. Increased volatility of the business environment makes systematic strategic planning more difficult. Rapid change requires strategies that are flexi ble and creative?characteristics which, accord ing to Hamel, are seldom associated with formal ized planning: ‘In the vast majority of compa nies, strategic planning is a calendar-driven rit ual … [which assumes] that the future will be more or less like the present’ (Hamel, 1996: 70). Eisenhardt’s research into ‘high velocity envi ronments’ points to the advantages of ‘semico herent’ strategic decision-making processes that are unpredictable, uncontrolled, inefficient, proac tive, continuous, and diverse (Eisenhardt, 1989; Brown and Eisenhardt, 1997). If complexity and uncertainty render decision making impossible,then self-organization may be more conducive to high performance than hierarchical direction (Pas cale, 1999). The goal of this paper is to explore whether and how companies’ strategic planning practices have adapted to a world of rapid, unpredictable change. The study identifies the key features of strategic planning systems in an industry that tran sitioned from stability to turbulence?the world petroleum industry. It explores the changing char acteristics of the oil majors’ strategic planning processes and the changing role of strategic plan ning within the companies. The study fills a gap in the literature: despite the intense debate over the merits of strategic planning and continued inter est in strategic decision processes within firms, we know little about the formal systems through which companies formulate their strategic plans. The paper contributes to strategic management knowledge in three areas. First, it provides descrip tive data on the strategic planning practices of some the world’s largest and most complex compa nies during the late 1990s and how these practices changed in response to increasing environment turbulence. Second, it informs the long-running debate between the ‘design’ and ‘process’ schools of strategic management and suggests a possible reconciliation of the two. Third, it sheds light upon the coordination and control in large, com plex enterprises opera |