این مقاله انگلیسی ISI در نشریه الزویر در 10 صفحه در سال 1997 منتشر شده و ترجمه آن 18 صفحه میباشد. کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله رایگان – برنزی ⭐️ بوده و به صورت کامل ترجمه شده است.
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی + خرید ترجمه فارسی | |
عنوان فارسی مقاله: |
همکاری در بازار Niche: مورد فیات و PSA در وسایل نقلیه چند منظوره |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: |
Co-operation in a Niche Market: The Case of Fiat and PSA in Multi Purpose Vehicles |
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مشخصات مقاله انگلیسی | |
فرمت مقاله انگلیسی | |
سال انتشار | 1997 |
تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی | 10 صفحه با فرمت pdf |
نوع مقاله | ISI |
نوع نگارش | مقاله پژوهشی (Research article) |
نوع ارائه مقاله | ژورنال |
رشته های مرتبط با این مقاله | مدیریت |
گرایش های مرتبط با این مقاله | مدیریت صنعتی، مدیریت کسب و کار و مدیریت پروژه |
چاپ شده در مجله (ژورنال) | مجله اروپایی مدیریت – European Management Journal |
ارائه شده از دانشگاه | گروه ESC گرنوبل، فرانسه |
نمایه (index) | Scopus – Master Journals – JCR |
شناسه شاپا یا ISSN | 0263-2373 |
شناسه دیجیتال – doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(96)00072-2 |
ایمپکت فاکتور(IF) مجله | 4.041 در سال 2019 |
شاخص H_index مجله | 89 در سال 2020 |
شاخص SJR مجله | 1.173 در سال 2019 |
شاخص Q یا Quartile (چارک) | Q1 در سال 2019 |
بیس | نیست ☓ |
مدل مفهومی | ندارد ☓ |
پرسشنامه | ندارد ☓ |
متغیر | ندارد ☓ |
رفرنس | دارای رفرنس در انتهای مقاله ✓ |
کد محصول | F1780 |
نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مشخصات و وضعیت ترجمه فارسی این مقاله | |
فرمت ترجمه مقاله | pdf و ورد تایپ شده با قابلیت ویرایش |
وضعیت ترجمه | انجام شده و آماده دانلود |
کیفیت ترجمه | ترجمه رایگان – برنزی ⭐️ |
تعداد صفحات ترجمه تایپ شده با فرمت ورد با قابلیت ویرایش | 18 صفحه (1 صفحه رفرنس انگلیسی) با فونت 14 B Nazanin |
ترجمه عناوین تصاویر و جداول | ترجمه شده است ✓ |
ترجمه متون داخل تصاویر | ترجمه نشده است ☓ |
ترجمه متون داخل جداول | ترجمه نشده است ☓ |
ترجمه ضمیمه | ترجمه شده است ✓ |
ترجمه پاورقی | ندارد ☓ |
درج تصاویر در فایل ترجمه | درج نشده است ☓ |
درج جداول در فایل ترجمه | درج نشده است ☓ |
درج فرمولها و محاسبات در فایل ترجمه | به صورت عکس درج شده است ✓ ☓ |
منابع انتهای متن | به صورت انگلیسی درج شده است ✓ |
کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله پایین میباشد. |
فهرست مطالب |
ورود تازه واردان |
بخشی از ترجمه |
با تحریک توسط موفقیت رنو در اروپا و کرایسلر در شمال امریکا، فیات و PSA تصمیم گرفتند که با تشکیل اتحاد برای طراحی، توسعه و تولید خودرو کاملا جدید، وارد بازار در حال ظهور خودرو چند منظوره شوند. |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی |
Stimulated by the success of Renault in Europe and Chrysler in North America, PSA and Fiat decided to enter the emerging multi purpose vehicle market by forming an alliance to design, develop and manufacture an entirely new vehicle. The study of this case shows that the narrowness of this segment combined with a growing entry cost reduce the possibility of autonomous moves. As a consequence, the alliance has mainly been designed for sharing investments and risks, and for gaining economies of scale in a joint plant. As such, it offers a typical example of a scale alliance. However, we stress that those benefits are counterbalanced by the fact that when the allies go back to competition for commercialising the vehicles in their respective distribution networks, they offer quite similar products. It shows how far scale alliances are constraining (for example, reducing industrial diversity) and reduce the span of differentiation. The two partners agreed to entrust PSA with the day-to-day management of the alliance. As Fiat has similar responsibility for a previous ongoing alliance with PSA in light trucks, the new deal in multi purpose vehicles allowed the two partners to balance their respective powers and to create mutual dependence between themselves. This organisational form demonstrates how it is possible to solve classical problems in alliance management, that is, to limit the probability of opportunistic behaviours. This case also shows that dedicating the management of the alliance to one partner notably prevents the partners from learning from each other. PSA and Fiat are two European car manufacturers each producing more than two million vehicles per year. In 1988, they decided to join forces in order to enter into the emerging multi purpose vehicle (MPV) market. Six years later, after jointly committing 5 billion francs (US $1 billion) in the design, development and testing of a completely new MPV model and investing together 6 billion francs (US $1.2 billion) in an entirely new factory dedicated to this vehicle, the two partners started to penetrate the segment. However, co-operation ends at the factory’s door and the partners go back to competition at the commercialisation stage. In Europe, auto-makers usually co-operate on specific sub-systems, i.e. engine, gear-box, even power-trains or platforms, but rarely on the whole vehicle (Henault, 1996). The magnitude of the deal, the lack of experience of the two partners in the MPV field (no more than technical scanning) and the profiles of the two allies (private companies where the equity is mainly held by families) make the move remarkable. Few Learning Opportunities Resource transfer alliances, where allies aim to learn from their partners, have been especially examined by Kogut (1988), Hamel et al. (1989), Hamel (1991) and Richter and Vettel (1995). In a resource transfer alliance, the partners use the day-to-day exchanges inside the alliance structure between, for example, engineers, human resource managers and marketing people of the allied companies to acquire tacit (i.e. non formal) knowledge. A well-known case is Nummi, the equity joint-venture between General Motors (GM) and Toyota (see Appendix). The objective of GM and Toyota, through their equity joint venture Nummi, has been to use the structure as a means of reciprocal learning. At the beginning of the 1980s, US car manufacturers suffered from major problems (Womack er aI., 1990). Compared to their Japanese counterparts, US plants were far less productive; they obviously needed to fill the gap quickly to survive. To reach this objective, GM decided to reopen its California plant at Fremont (closed a few years earlier due to poor ratings) and to entrust Toyota with the responsibility of its management. If it has been an opportunity for GM to see and learn about Japanese practices, it was also, on the other side, an opportunity for Toyota to learn about the North American car manufacturing environment — that helped it to further open two new factories of its own (Rehder, 1988). The PSA-Fiat alliance was not designed to allow the partners to learn from each other. Very few opportunities of learning from the partner exist in the alliance. Even though decision-making is shared among the allies for all major issues — especially the definition of the project, Fiat entrusted PSA with most of its implementation: it means that design studies, development and testing of the new vehicle, set-up and management of the new plant are (or have been) under the responsibility of PSA. Only a small number of people from the two companies worked together. Fiat representatives have been part of the joint task forces during the design process and a limited number of managers are still involved in running production. As a consequence, Fiat benefits from the experience of PSA, but does not learn from its counterpart. As competence exchanges are low, the risk of knowledge leaking is slight. But that means also that the co-operation is not fully exploited. One explanation of this feature is that gaps between most of the European car manufacturers are not as deep as those that existed between Japanese and North American car manufacturers at the beginning of the 1980s. If learning alliances have been appropriate in the North American context and have been relevant for a European company like Rover (within its former agreement with Honda), they seem less relevant between European car manufacturers. Nevertheless, for the first time, PSA and Fiat will be able to compare the efficiency of their respective commercial networks as they offer extremely similar cars. However, it is probably more a coincidence than an conscious strategy.. |
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی + خرید ترجمه فارسی | |
عنوان فارسی مقاله: |
همکاری در بازار Niche: مورد فیات و PSA در وسایل نقلیه چند منظوره |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: |
Co-operation in a Niche Market: The Case of Fiat and PSA in Multi Purpose Vehicles |
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