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عنوان فارسی مقاله: | سرمايه فكری و تاثير آن بر عملكرد مالی بانك ها: شواهد به دست آمده از عربستان |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Intellectual capital and its effect on financial performance of banks: Evidence from Saudi Arabia |
رشته های مرتبط: | مدیریت ، مدیریت مالی، مدیریت عملکرد، مدیریت منابع انسانی، بانکداری یا مدیریت امور بانکی |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
کد محصول | f296 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction It is widely recognized that with the advent of knowledge based economy, the traditional bases sources of competitive advantage that depend on tangible assets in creating firm value and sustaining competitive advantage begun to erode (Pablos, 2002). In the new economic era, intellectual capital (IC) resources such as human capital and customer relations have become the most important business success factor and the key factor in sustaining competitive advantage and creating value of firms (Maditinos, Chatzoudes, Tsairidis, & Theriou 2011; Shih, Chang, & Lin, 2010; Andriessen, 2004). Accordingly, the potential for creating competitive advantage and longterm value lies more importantly in the efficient management of IC than in tangible assets. This is so true in knowledge-based industries such as the financial industry such as banks, as the main resources in these industries are non-tangible and intellectual in nature (Shih et al., 2010). According to Ahuja and Ahuja (2012), an efficient utilization of IC is more crucial for accomplishing success in banking than other industries, asserting that delivering of high quality services by a bank depends on its investment in items related to IC such as its human resources, brand building, systems and processes. Goh (2005) further states “though physical capital is essential for banks to operate, it is the intellectual capital that determines the quality of services provided to customers.” (p.386). Therefore, it becomes necessary for banks to manage their IC as efficiently as possible. This study adopts the value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) developed by Pulic (1998) to measure IC performance of commercial banks in Saudi Arabia. This study further investigates whether intellectual capital (IC) and its components influence banks` financial performance measures, namely return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The banking sector is the most active sector in Saudi’s economy and it plays an active role in the economic development of the country. The Saudi banking sector is viewed as one of the major beneficiaries of the government`s continuous efforts to diversify its economy to the non-oil sectors. The combined assets of Saudi banks stand at Saudi Reyal 1.60 trillion at the end of 2010 constituting the second largest asset base in the Arab region after UAE banks. The banking sector in Saudi Arabia is characterized as profitable, stable and is closely regulated by the Saudi Arabian monetary agency (the central bank). However, the Saudi banking sector experienced major changes which dramatically altered banks’ competitive environment in GCC region. In 2004, Saudi Arabia Monetary Authority restricted barriers to foreign banks entry by granting new branches and licenses to several foreign and regional banks such as Deutsche Bank, Gulf international Bank, HSBC, National Bank of Kuwait, BNP Paribas, National Bank of Bahrain, JP Morgan Chase, and Emirates International Bank as part of the Saudi government`s commitment to meet its international and regional obligations as a member of World trade organization and GCC council (Gaddam, Al Khathlan, & Malik, 2009). As a result, building and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage is crucial for Saudi banks to outperform their rivals. Hence, given the fact that banks` main resources are intellectual and intangible in nature and they play the most crucial role in the process of creating value, it is of interest to explore the value creation efficiency in banking and analyze how well IC resources are managed. This study contributes significantly in that it provides Saudi’s banks with a simple method in understanding and evaluating performance, as well as enhancing the management of IC. The IC literature will also help in deciding the potential role of IC efficiency in the financial performance of banks in Saudi Arabia, an emerging country which lacks such research. This paper is organized as follows. The second section presents the literature related to the study and hypotheses development. Next, in the third section, we discuss the research methodology and data employed in the study. The fourth section presents the results of the study. Finally, we conclude the paper in the fifth section. 2. Literature review & hypotheses development The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2000) defines IC as the ”economic value of two categories of intangible assets of a firm: (1) organizational (structural) capital; and (2) human capital.” This definition is consistent with the VAIC methodology applied in this study to measure IC performance. The definition of IC provided by OECD (2000) implies a classifying of IC into two components; human capital (HC) and structural capital (SC). This classification of IC is similar with classifications provided by scholars such as Edvinsson and Malone (1997). Other scholars classify the IC into three components: human capital, structural capital, and relational capital (Ting and Lean, 2009). Human capital is defined as the knowledge, qualifications, experiences, and skills of employees that they take with them when they leave the firm (Zeghal & Maaloul, 2010). Structural capital refers to the knowledge that remains with a firm after the employees leave it at night. It includes production processes, organizations` management processes, organizational routines, procedures, systems, cultures and databases, information technology, customer relations and loyalty, supplier relation, firm brand and reputation, R&D etc. (Zeghal & Maaloul, 2010; Goh, 2005). Presently, there is no universally accepted measurement of IC (Zeghal and Maaloul, 2010; Chan, 2009). Sveiby (2010) reviews the current IC measurement methods and identifies 34 methods. Among these methods, the VAIC methodology is widely used method and suggested by many researchers as the most appropriate method to measure IC performance. Using VAIC methodology, there are several studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between IC performance and corporate performance as measured using accounting and market-based measures in developed and emerging economies, in banking and non-banking sectors producing mixed results (see e.g. Komnenic & Pokrajcic (2012) in Serbia, Mehralian, Rajabzadeh, Sadeh, & Rasekh, (2012) in Iran, Chu, Chan, and Wu (2011) in Hong Kong, Ku Ismail and Abdul Karem (2011) in Bahrain, Maditinos et al. (2011) in Greece, Wang (2011) in Taiwan, Zeghal and Maaloul (2010) in UK, Chan (2009) in Hong Kong, Ting and Lean (2009) in Malaysia, Kujansivu and Lonnqvist (2007) in Finland and Firer and Williams (2003) in South Africa. According to the resource-based perspective, a firm is a bundle of resources (tangible and intangible resources) and these resources are a source of sustainable competitive advantage if they are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (Barney, 1991). The resource-based theory views the intellectual capital (both human and structural) as well as physical and financial capitals as strategic resources. This is because firms gain competitive advantage and superior performance through the acquisition, holding and efficient use of these strategic resources (Zeghal & Maaloul, 2010). More recently, the IC-based theory developed by Reed et al. (2006) has been advanced as one specific aspect of resource-based theory. Reed, Lubatkin, and Srinivasan (2006) argue that IC is the only source of competitive advantage and value added to the firm because it is difficult to imitate and substitute whereas physical capital is generic resource, easily imitable and substitutable, and can be easily purchased and sold on the open market. Hence, it is only the IC that deserves to be considered as strategic resource to allow a firm to create value added. This point of view is consistent with other authors such as Youndt, Subramaniam, and Snell (2004). Based on the IC-based theory developed by Reed et al. (2006) which consider the IC as the sole strategic asset of firms that play the crucial role in creating and maintaining firms` competitive advantage, we expect IC as well as its components to be positively associated with banks’ organizational financial performance. We propose the following hypotheses: H1. Banks with higher IC performance are associated with higher organizational performance. H1a. Banks with higher human capital efficiency are associated with higher organizational performance. H1b. Banks with higher structural capital efficiency are associated with higher organizational performance. H1c. Banks with higher capital employed efficiency are associated with higher organizational performance. |