دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله چالش های کسب و کار برای اینترنت اشیا – 2013

چالش های کسب و کار برای اینترنت اشیا: یافته های حاصل از مراقبت های خانگی به صورت الکترونیکی، کنترل دسترسی هوشمند، شهرها و خانه های هوشمند

Business Challenges For Internet Of Things: Findings From E-Home Care, Smart Access Control, Smart Cities And Homes

INTRODUCTION

There is an increasing interest in the potential opportunities that can be achieved with the integration of smart devices to gather data or automate processes. The type of communications between devices with minimal human intervention is referred to as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. M2M solutions can be applied to improve industrial, commercial or service delivery applications (Wu, et al., 2011). We are also faced with Human-to-Machine (H2M) communications, e.g., when using a smartphone for interaction with sensors for remote monitoring and control of homes or when using mobile ticketing services. Internet of Things (IoT) is a related concept for services with communication between and with connected sensors and smart devices. Forecasts often refer to a figure of 50 Billion mobile devices that will be connected a few years from now1 . There are numerous incentives that motivate solutions based on IoT and M2M communications. For network operators, there is an increasing interest in the M2M market due to the current saturation of the traditional services and the decline of voice revenues in developed countries (Wu, et al., 2011) and (Markendahl, 2011). But Telecom and broadband operators face many obstacles, since their traditional revenue stream is based on high amount of traffic per users and M2M devices do not generally follow this pattern. Instead, they usually generate very low traffic and operators can expect very low average revenue per user (ARPU). This is forcing the consideration to extend the traditional set of activities beyond connectivity provision and reach revenues in application provisioning (Daj, et al., 2012). The adoption of services based on smart devices usually entails the need to change the traditional business thinking, due to the transformation of the value network. Determining effective business models in these scenarios to create value from this technological shift is a must (Sharma & Gutiérrez, 2010); otherwise new actors will emerge to fulfil the required activities. M2M motivations are specific to each application and depend on the needs found on each market. For example, in the health care sector, there is an emphasis to change from episodic-care to continuous-care services and to furthermore, minimize costs by remotely taking care of patients at home instead of the traditional care at hospital facilities (Kijl, et al., 2010). In addition, large scale applications related to smart metering, automotive and e-Health count with strong incentives from public funding (TeliaSonera Business Day 2013, 2013). Information and communication technologies are suitable to deliver M2M solutions and fulfill the most common technical requirements but successful cases are scarce and the forecasts in the estimated number of expected M2M connections has not been met. The authors of this work believe that the main challenges are beyond technology and can be found in the business domain. Improving communication performance and scalability, although necessary, does not correspond to immediate enablers for M2M applications. There are other challenges that still need to be addressed (OECD, 2012). For instance, current deployments are typically dedicated to a single application where each solution exists in a vertical market, leading to higher application development cost and slower market adoption (IERC – Internet of Things European Research Cluster, 2012). In this study, selected cases in Sweden related to IoT and M2M are analyzed. The cases correspond to key applications such as smart grids, smart cities, facility management, access control, e-home care and mobile payments for parking, see Table I. Studying the business approach that is been taken by different actors involved in the IoT and M2M market will highlight the current role of operators and communication providers in the service delivery. Moreover, by analyzing successful solutions, it will be possible to understand the actions required to enable ambitious projects such as smart cities and smart energy systems. The work will study the interaction among actors and the value networks, with special emphasis in the business roles for communication and service provisioning. This will exhibit how an invariant position before M2M solutions tends to weaken business interaction that will be substituted by innovative market actors. By comparing the factors that have allowed the successful deployment of some solutions and the obstacles that still hamper the implementation of promising applications it is shown how successful cases are based on new definition of roles, this study is essential in order to focus immediate researcher efforts in the appropriate direction. In order to analyze the business challenges for the Internet of Things, the main research questions are the following: – What types of benefits and values can be identified for different IoT services? – Which are the drivers and barriers for adoption of IoT services? – How is the value network organized and what roles are taken by different actors? – What is the role of traditional actors like communication providers, in the service delivery? The paper is organized as follows: Next, the related work is presented followed by the methodology, where the analysis approach and the collection of primary data are further explained. Next, the selected cases are described and then analyzed and compared in terms of the level of competition and cooperation, the cost saving related to the services, the values and the competence and business perspective. This analyzing will be followed by a further comparison with other types of services (not related to IoT or M2M). Finally, conclusions and further remarks presented on the last section.