مقاله انگلیسی رایگان (PDF)

ترجمه فارسی رایگان (PDF)

خرید ترجمه با فرمت ورد

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ناکامی های غلات سبزیجات تحت مناطق آبیاری به دلیل حشره و عفونت های بیماری یا به دلیل قیمت های بالا و پایین شوند مطابق با تامین و تقاضا مشترکک هستند . بنابراین ، پیشنهاد گردید تا هم کاشتی صورت گیرد ، شیوه کشاورزی کشت دو یا چند محصول به طور همزمان در بخش زمین یکسان می باشد . این سیستم آراستن ممکن بود حق مطمئن در برابر ناکامی محصول از طریق کاستن بیماری و وقوع حشره یا علیه قیمت های بازار ناپایدار از طریق کاشتن دو یا چند محصول تحت هم کاشتی را فراهم کندو ازاینرو ریسک قیمت های قابل تغییر غیر منتظره را کاهش می دهد . این کار توسط بعضی محققان نشان داده شد که هم کاشتی محصولات سبزیجات مختلف یک سری مزیت های مهم و همچنین سوداوری بالاتر را بجای رشد سبزیجات به عنوان محصوات تکی را فراهم کردند . بنابراین، بازده محصول سبزیجات رشد کرده تحت هم کاشتی به جزء محصولات منتخب شده و همچنین ردیف ها بستگی دارد . لویس و همکارانش (2003) نشان دادند که بازده های کاهو در زمانی کاهش یافته اند که به طور همزمان با گوجه و درمقایسه با محصول کاهو تکی کاهش یافته اند در حالی که شریرا و گلیسمن (1992) مشخص کردند که کاهو با تحت ردیف های یک به یک و یک به دو لوبیا فابا هم کاشت شده اند . الشیمی و آمر (2003) یاداوری کردند که بامیه کاشته شده با لوبیا سبز یک کاهشی را در محصول بامیه در مقایسه با محصول تکی بامیه ارایه کرده اند . بعلاوه ، گیاه بامیه هم کاشت شده با نخود فرنگی ها تحت ردیف های دو به یک و یک به دو یک محصول بهتری را نسبت به یک به یک ، دو به دو و محصولات تکی اشان را ارایه کرده است . نتایج سری مطالعات نشان داده داند که بازده کلی غله ، لوبیا و کدو ها در زمانی که در ترکیب کاشته شدند ، بیشتر از این بودند اگر آنها به طور مجزاء در محیط های کشت تکی رشد کرده اند . در مقایسه ، استیفان و مایکل گزارش دادند که محصول کدو در زمانی تا حد قابل ملاحظه ای کاهش یافت که کدو در ترکیب با غله به دلیل تاثیر سایه زنی خلق شده از طریق محصول غله رشد نمود . بنابراین ، سایه زنی با میزان معین نشان داد که برای محصولات خاص نظیر لوبیا سیب زمینی و غله رشد کرده تحت ردیف همکاشت شده با طراحی خاص ردیف یافت گردید . کار های بیشتر این ماهین مورد نیاز می باشد و خواستار تحقیق بیشتر به دلیل نتایج متضاد کسب شده توسط محققان مختلف بود . بنابراین هدف این بررسی تعیین کدام سک از محصولات سبزیجات زیر می باشد : لوبیا ، کاهو ، بامیه و کدو به بهترین وجه تحت ترکیبات مختلف و ردیف هم کاشتی رشد می کنند وکارامدی استفاده از زمین بهتر را فراهم کنند که می توانست برای کشاورزان در اردن سودمند باشد .

ماده و روش
پروژه تحقیق از طریق تاثیر هم کاشتی در عملکرد بعضی از محصولات سبزی تابستانی رشد نموده تحت ردیف های مختلف در طول تابستان 2007 در مزرعه خصوصی در منطقه مابادا انجام گرفت که در عرض جغرافیایی 31 درجه 59 دقیقه شمالی ، طو ل جغرافیایی 35 ئرجه 59 دقیقه شرقی و در ارتفاع حدود 800 متری بالا سطح دریا واقع گردید. میانگین حداکثر ئ حداقل دما در طول فصل رشد به ترتیب عبارت بودند از 17 تا 32و 6 تا 18 درجه سانتی گراد در حالی که میانگین رطوبت نسبی بین 36 و 59 درصد قرار داشت و لوبیا ، بامیه ، کاهو و کدو با همدیگر کاشته شدند که منجر به شش ترکیب مختلف شدند ( لوبیا/بامیه ؛ لوبیا / کاهو ؛ لوبیا / کدو ، بامیه /کاهو ، بامیه /کدو ؛ کدو /کاهو ) . هر ترکیب تحت ردیف های مختلف یعنی یک به یک ، یک به دو ، دو به یک ، دو به دو در زمین باز کاشته شدند . تاریخ کشت برای لوبیا ، بامیه و کدو در 15 مارس بودند در حالی که کاهو در 4 اوریل در ردیف های ذخیره شده اشان کاشته شئ جون این ردیف ها برای کاهوها طراحی شده بود . موقعیت روش کار شامل شش ردیف 75 سانتی متری جدا و 4 متر طول بودند . فاصله بین گیاهات درون ردیف برای لوبیا ، کاهو ، بامیه و کدو به ترتیب 25، 20 ، 35 و 55 سانتی متر بودند . پرکردن شکاف یا رقیق گردانی متعاقبا برای رسیدن به منظر گیاهی بهینه انجام گرفت . کود آلی ماکیان یک هفته قبل از کشت در نرخ استفاده شدند . علف های هرز به طور دستی تحت کنترل قرار گرفتند . طرح تقسیم در طراحی بلوکی کامل به طور تصادفی با استفاده از ترکیب به عنوان درمان های طرح فرعی استفاده شدند . دو ردیف بیرونی در بلوغ در ردیف های کی به یک و دو به دو به عنوان مرز باقی ماندند و سه متری میانه ردیف های چهار مرکزی برداشت شدند در حالی که ترکیبات دو به یک و یک به دو وجود داشتند ، ردیف های سه به عنوان مرزها باقی ماندند و سه متر میانه ردیف های مرکزی برداشت شدند .
دوره های برداشت از قرار زیر بودند : کاهو از 17 مارس تا اول ژوئن ، لوبیا برای لوبیا سبزهای تازه از 10 ژؤئن تا 5 جولای برداشت می شوند ، بامیه از 10 جولای تا 8 اگوست و کدو از 30 ژوئن تا 29 جولای برداشت شدند . نسبت بمعادل زمین از طریق بررسی بازده هر غله ارزیابی گردید . نسبت معادل زمین به عنوان منطقه زمین نسبی تحت هم کاستی تکی تعریف می گردد که برای تولید محصول کسب شده در هم کاشتی مورد نیاز می باشد . نسبت معادل زمین برای محصولات هم کشت ترکیبی و برای محصول هم کشت هر غله محاسبه گردید که توسط ویلی (1979) توصیف گردید که محصول هم کشت را در مبنای نسبی برای یک محصول غله تکی بیان کرد .

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Vegetable crops failures are common under irrigated areas due to insect and disease infections or due to the prices that go up and down according to supply and demand. Therefore, it was recommended to practice intercropping, the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same piece of land. This cropping system might provide insurance against crop failure by reducing disease(Fininsa, C. and Yuen, J 2002, Sharaiha, R. et al., 1989) and insect incidence (Girma, H. et al., 2000, Gahukar, R. 1989)) or against unstable market prices by planting two or more crops under intercropping, and thus reducing the risk of unexpected changeable prices. It was shown by many researchers that intercropping of different vegetable crops provided important advantages as well as higher profitability than vegetables grown as sole crops (Willey, R. 1979; Sharaiha, R, and Haddad, N. 1985; Nursima, K. 2009). However, yield production of vegetables grown under intercropping depends on the component of the crops selected as well as row arrangements. Lewis, W. et al. (2003) showed that lettuce yields were reduced when concurrently intercropped with tomato, as compared with sole lettuce crop, while Sharaiha, R. and Gliessman, S. (1992) indicated that lettuce intercropped with faba bean under 2:1 and 2:2 row arrangements gave less production as compared to 1:1 row arrangement and lettuce sole crop. El-Shimi, I. and Amer, A. (2003) noted that okra planted with snap beans gave a reduction in okra yield as compared with okra sole crop. In addition, okra intercropped with peas under 2:1 and 1:2 row arrangements gave better yields than 1: 1, 2:2 and their sole crops (Sharaiha, R. and Hadidi, N. 2007). The results of a series of studies have shown that the overall yield of corn, bean and squash as they were grown in combination were greater than if they were grown separately in monocultures (Gliessman, S. 1988). In contrast, Stephen, J. and Michael, K. (1982) reported that squash yield was reduced significantly when it was grown in mixture with corn due to the shading effect created by corn crop. However, shading to a certain degree was found to be beneficial for certain crops such as potato bean and corn grown under row intercropping with a specific design of row arrangements (Sharaiha, R. et al., 2004). More work of this nature is needed and calling for more research due to the conflicting results obtained by different researchers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine which of the following vegetable crops: bean, lettuce, okra and squash grow best under different combinations and intercropping row arrangements that result a greatest yield and provide better land use efficiency, which could be useful to farmers in Jordan.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Research project entitled by the effect of intercropping on the performance of some summer vegetable crops grown under different row arrangement was conducted during 2007 summer growing season in a private farm in Madaba region, which is situated on a latitude 31°59’N, longitude, 35°59’E and at an altitude around 800m above sea level. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during growing season were 17°C – 32°C and 6°C – 18°C, respectively, while average of relative humidity ranged between 36% and 59%. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Bronco), okra (Ablmoschus esculentus, var. local), lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. local), and squash (Cucurbita maxima var. XPh 1517) were planted with each other that resulted in six different combinations (bean/okra; bean/lettuce; bean/squash; okra/lettuce; okra/squash; squash/lettuce). Each combination was planted under different row arrangements namely 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2, in the opened field including their sole cropping. Planting date for bean, okra, and squash were on March 15th, while lettuce was transplanted on April 4th in their reserved rows as it was designed for them. Every treatment plot consisted of six rows 75cm apart and 4 meters long. Spacing between plants within row were 25cm, 20cm, 35cm and 55cm for bean, lettuce, okra and squash, respectively. Gap filling or thinning was carried out subsequently to achieve an optimum plant stand. Compost poultry manure was applied one week before planting at the rate of 18 Mt.ha-¹. Weeds were kept under control manually. Drip irrigation was used. A split plot in a randomized complete block design was used with intercropping combination as the main plot treatments, and row arrangements as sub plot treatments. Three replications were used. At maturity, in 1:1 and 2:2 row arrangements, the two outer rows were left as borders and the middle three meters of the central four rows were harvested, while in 2:1 and 1:2 row combinations, three rows were left as borders and the middle thee meters of the central rows were harvested. The harvesting periods were as follows: a- Lettuce from May 17th to June 1st b- Bean was picked for fresh green pods from June10th to July 5thth c- Okra was picked from July 10th to August 8th d- Squash was picked from June 30th to July 29th . Land equivalent ratio (LER) was evaluated by considering the yield of each crop. Land equivalent ratio is defined as a relative land area under sole cropping that is required to produce the yield achieved in intercropping. Land equivalent ratio was calculated for the combined intercrop yields and for the intercrop yield of each crop, as described by Willey, R. (1979), who expressed the intercrop yield on a relative basis to a sole crop yield (i.e. were LER = 1.00).

زیست شناسی و مدیریت کتان صحرایی قرمز – یک تهدید جدید برای صنعت غلات

Biology and management of red dodder – a new threat to the grains industry

Summary

Seed dormancy release, host species preference, the effect of parasitisation on pods or burrs of host plant species, the effect of crop sowing time and control of red dodder ( Cuscuta planiflora) by selective herbicides were investigated in a series of experiments under laboratory and glasshouse conditions in 2005 at Northam, WA. About 88% of untreated seeds of red dodder were dormant but soaking seeds in concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 minutes improved seed germination from 12 to 45%. Treated seeds of red dodder germinated over a range of temperature regimes. This weed species successfully parasitised lupin, lentil, chickpea, field pea, faba bean, sub-clover and canola plants in order of decreasing preference. Parasitisation reduced pods or burrs per plant by 20% in lentil, 50% in faba bean, 60% in lupin, 75% in chickpea, and 100% in sub-clover. Pre-sowing herbicides such as trifluralin, simazine, Kerb®, diuron, Spinnaker® and Lexone® controlled 90 to 100% of red dodder plants. Post-emergent herbicides such as atrazine, Spray.Seed® (paraquat + diquat), Lexone® and Sniper® controlled 83 to 100% of red dodder plants. Delay in sowing time of crops by two to four weeks effectively reduced red dodder plants.

1 Introduction

Red dodder (Cuscuta planiflora Ten.) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and central Asia but it has been introduced in many other countries (Parker and Riches 1993). It is known to attack lucerne and clovers (Al-Menoufi and Hassan 1976) and some species of dodder are mildly toxic to animals (Movesian and Azaria 1971). Cooke and Black (1987) reviewed the biology and control of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker and other Cuscuta spp. including Cuscuta planiflora which was referred to as red dodder. That review highlighted the lack of information available on red dodder. Red dodder was found in a canola crop in the Northern Agricultural region of WA in 2001; the first record of parasitisation of canola. The presence of dodder has the potential to contaminate produce and may exclude this produce from markets which have zero tolerance for dodder seed.Very little information is available on the biology and management of this parasitic weed under WA wheatbelt conditions. The aims of this study were to investigate red dodder seed dormancy release, the preference of red dodder for host plant species, the effect of parasitisation on the pods or burrs of host plant species, the effect of crop sowing time on red dodder and its control by selective herbicides.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A series of experiments were conducted in a completely randomised design with 50 seeds per Petri dish or pot replicated three to five times under laboratory or glasshouse conditions at Northam in 2005. An untreated control was maintained in each experiment. Release of red dodder seed dormancy Seeds were treated with concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 minutes and then allowed to germinate at three temperature regimes (5/15, 10/20, and 15/30°C night/day) with or without prior chilling. Germination of seeds was recorded either daily or every alternate day for 3–6 weeks. Data were averaged over the temperature regimes. Host preference for red dodder plants Treated seeds of red dodder were sown with seven species of crops and pastures in 10 L pots with three replications. An untreated set of three pots species was maintained without red dodder seeds. The crop and pasture species are canola (Brassica napus L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinun L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and sub-clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Emergence and survival of dodder plants were recorded for up to seven weeks after sowing. Preference was determined by the extent of parasitisation and survival of red dodder on different species. Red dodder effect on the pods or burrs Treated seeds of red dodder were sown on the surface of pots and covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. In the pots where natural parasitisation did not occur, artificial parasitisation was performed by wrapping an 8 cm long fragment of red dodder shoot around the stem of the target host plant. Pods produced by host crop plants both in the absence and presence of red dodder were counted. Time of sowing effect on red dodder Treated red dodder seeds were sown in pots four times at weekly intervals. Emergence and survival of red dodder plants were recorded for each time of sowing (TOS) up to 31 days after sowing. Red dodder control by herbicides Selected presowing herbicides recommended for each host species were sprayed on the surface of pots and covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Emergence and mortality of red dodder plants were recorded for seven weeks after sowing. Selected post-emergence herbicides recommended for each host plant species were sprayed at the label rate and at the recommended growth stage of each host plant species. Density and mortality of red dodder plants were recorded four weeks after spraying