دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله روایی درونی و کاربردهای یک پرسشنامه خود ارزیابی جدید – الزویر 2014

کیفیت شیوه های آموزشی معلمان: روایی درونی و کاربردهای یک پرسشنامه خود ارزیابی جدید

The Quality Of Teachers’ Educational Practices: Internal Validity And Applications Of A New Self-Evaluation Questionnaire

1. Introduction

Decades of research on children’s socio-emotional development can be used to promote teachers’ awareness and educational practices to improve in the development of these competencies [1]. Effectively, there is a growing recognition that teachers make a crucial contribution to the social and emotional development of their students [2][3][4]: teachers influence children not only by how and what they teach but also by how they relate and manage the classroom [5]. For this purpose, self-evaluation instruments can help teachers to identify issues within teaching practices and inform to any potential barriers to the achievement of an effective learning and the creation of a positive school climate. In this sense, self-evaluation is an on-going activity regarded as relevant for the professional development and for the quality of education system [6][7][8]. The teacher of the knowledge society appears therefore as a reflective practitioner [9], who has to promote a positive classroom climate resulting from the quality of educational practices. Several studies have analysed classroom management, remarking three main aspects: communication [10][11][12], organization [13][14][15] and relationship [16][17]. These areas were investigated using many observational techniques on interaction processes in the classroom. One of the first analysis systems was developed by Hughes [18], who analysed the levels of teacher’s control, imposition and support. He asserted that a “good teacher” has a high level of control in the classroom, limiting the imposition and favouring supportive actions. To assess the teacher’s perception of his relationship with children, a self-report instrument was developed by Pianta [19]. Therefore, thanks to the categories systems created both by De Landsheere [20] and Flanders [21] it was been possible to examine teacher’s verbal behaviour during discussions with pupils or expositions of contents. Recently, Pianta and colleagues [22] have developed an instrument – the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS)-, to observe and evaluate the classroom organization in primary and kindergarten school. Nevertheless, there are not standardised instruments that consider the three aspects of classroom management with a multidimensional approach and that can be used for teacher’s self-evaluation. Moreover, school self-evaluation is not yet an established practice for Italian teachers and there is not a specific training about classroom management skills during the university career of pre-service teachers. For these reasons, the present research has two aims: (1) to analyse the internal validity of a new self-evaluation instrument, named Teachers’ Educational Practices Questionnaire (TEP-Q) and (2) to examine the possible use of this instrument in teachers training.

2. Methods

2.1. Instrument development and description

TEP-Q is a 36-item self-report questionnaire developed to assess patterns of educational styles in kindergarten and primary schools. The original version was composed by 60 items derived from a review of literature on school climate and classroom management. Three dimensions of educational practices have been identified: Relationship, Communication and Organization. Relationship (8 items) describes explicit and implicit strategies designed by teacher to promote pupils’ social and emotional skills. Communication (16 items) refers to the teacher’s effective use of verbal, nonverbal and paraverbal communication during explanations, questions and discussions. Organization (12 items) indicates the way in which the classroom is structured to facilitate learning and teaching. For each item, teachers responded on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 = never to 5 = always. Background information were collected (e.g. gender, age, type of school) in the first page of the instrument.