دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله چارچوب مفهومی جهت طراحی مبتنی بر ارزش و مهندسی سیستم ها – الزویر 2014
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی چارچوب مفهومی برای طراحی ارزش-محور و مهندسی سیستم ها به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله | چارچوب مفهومی برای طراحی ارزش-محور و مهندسی سیستم ها |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | A Conceptual Framework for Value-Driven Design and Systems Engineering |
رشته های مرتبط | طراحی صنعتی، مهندسی صنایع، برنامه ریزی و تحلیل سیستم ها، مهندسی سیستم های سلامت و طراحی محصول |
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کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مجله | پروسه CIRP |
سال انتشار | 2014 |
کد محصول | F819 |
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فهرست مقاله: چکیده |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: ۱. مقدمه
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction When studying engineering design, it is important to keep in mind its primary characteristic, namely, that design is a purposeful activity. “Purpose” is what distinguishes Engineering from the Natural Sciences. This purpose has often been characterized in the systems engineering and design literature as the goal to satisfy a stated need [1], which then leads to the formulation of a set of requirements to be satisfied. However, in the context of this paper, we take a step back and ask: What truly drives designers in their design activities? And what can we learn about designing by focusing on this driving factor? By shifting the focus from “design” to the “designer,” a second important characteristic of design comes to the forefront, namely, that design is a human activity. This is important from two perspectives: economic and psychological. From an economic perspective, we recognize that designers, as all humans, have preferences and strive to achieve more preferred outcomes over less preferred ones. In economics and decision theory, such preferences are expressed as “value,” so that striving for the most preferred outcome can be modeled as maximizing value. Based on simple axioms of rationality, decision theory prescribes how one should go about choosing the most preferred, most valuable alternative (under uncertainty) [2]. Clearly, from this perspective, value maximization is at the core of design—value maximization is what drives designers. However, there is more to design then just applying decision theory. Before being able to select a design alternative that maximizes value, designers must first identify value opportunities and then generate creative concepts for taking advantage of these opportunities. These are activities that rely in part on divergent and analogical thinking [3]. To be able to support such activities well, it is important to gain a deep understanding of the cognitive processes used by designers, and, in the context of today’s complex engineered systems, of the social interactions among multiple experts on diverse design teams. Besides a normative foundation in decision theory and economics, design research should therefore build on a foundation of psychology and sociology. 5. Summary and Discussion In this paper, we have presented a conceptual framework to guide the value-driven design of engineered systems. We started from the premise that design is a purposeful activity, and that designers should act rationally, in accordance with their preferences. Mathematically this can be modeled as value maximization. We applied value maximization from three different perspectives: artifact-, process- and organizationfocused. The resulting value-driven model of design allowed us to explain and justify five common characteristics of design processes, none of which could have been explained based on the purely artifact-focused perspective considered in the valuedriven design literature previously. Maybe the most important conclusion derived in this paper is that in terms of value maximization, design is a selfreferential optimization problem. From the perspective of value-of-information theory and to break the infinite selfreferential regress, it is therefore necessary to resort to heuristics. For instance, rather than rigorously optimizing a global optimization problem over the space of possible design actions, heuristics can provide, at low cost, reasonable guidance as to which design actions to perform. From a process perspective, the use of heuristics is almost certainly more valuable than rigorous optimization, which is likely to require more resources than can be justified based on its benefits relative to heuristics. However, this poses an interesting problem for design and systems engineering research. Given that heuristics are only applicable in the context for which they were derived, they will need to be updated as the context changes. Since the context is changing increasingly rapidly, the design and systems engineering research community will also need to update the heuristics increasingly often. These heuristics span a broad range: x Synthesis heuristics—e.g., which architectural patterns are appropriate in the current economic, environmental, sociopolitical and technological context? x Analysis heuristics—e.g., which mathematical formalism, level of abstraction, and accuracy are appropriate for analyzing the system alternatives, taking into account the current state of the art in numerical algorithms and computing infrastructure? x Process heuristics—e.g., how much effort should be allocated to concept ideation? Or how much emphasis should be placed on risk management, given the nature of the system being developed? x Organization heuristics—e.g., which structure? Hierarchical, matrix, or maybe a decentralized structure based in part on crowd-sourcing? Given that these heuristics will need to be updated frequently, it is important that the research community develop a methodology for determining which heuristics are most appropriate in a particular context. We argue that normative decision theory should be at the foundation for such a methodology, as is illustrated in the value-driven design framework introduced in this paper. But in addition, the quality of a heuristic will also need to be assessed based on nonnormative theories. For instance, whether a synthesis heuristic is suitable may depend in part on how well aligned the heuristic is with human psychology and with the social and cultural conventions of the designers applying it. Ultimately, the criterion for assessing heuristics should reflect the ultimate objective of design, namely, to maximize value. |