دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مدیریت موجودی خون: بهترین روش بیمارستانی به همراه ترجمه فارسی
| عنوان فارسی مقاله | مدیریت موجودی خون: بهترین روش بیمارستانی |
| عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | Blood Inventory Management: Hospital Best Practice |
| رشته های مرتبط | پزشکی، مهندسی صنایع، لجستیک و زنجیره تامین، هماتولوژی یا خون شناسی |
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| کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
| نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
| مجله | مروری بر پزشکی انتقال خون – Transfusion Medicine Reviews |
| سال انتشار | 20012 |
| کد محصول | F803 |
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فهرست مقاله: بررسی منابع |
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بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: اجزای خون جزو منابع ارزشمند و نادر(1-4) بوده علی رغم این که 1.9 میلیون واحد خون در انگلییس و ولز در هر سال ، 0.9 میلیون واحد در کانادا (5)، و بین 4.3 و 4.9 میلیون واحد در آلمان طی 10 ساله کذشته اهدا می شود. در امریکا خرید خون، 1 درصد هزینه بیمارستانی است زیرا خون به روش های مختلف مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. ماهیت زنجیره های عرضه خون در دنیا ثابت نیست. این ماهیت ها از نظر ساختار بیمارستان( خصوصی یا دولتی)، نوع عرضه(رایگان یا پولی)، قیمت خون، نوزیع خون، و کمبود آن(7) متغیر است. بررسی منابع |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: BLOOD COMPONENTS REMAIN a scarce and precious resource [1-4], this is despite the fact that over 1.9 million units of blood are donated in England and North Wales every year, 0.9 million in Canada [5], and between 4.3 and 4.9 million whole blood donations have been collected in Germany annually over the last 10 years. In the United States, buying blood accounts for about 1% of total hospital spend, as blood is utilized in many procedures [6]. The nature of the blood supply chains established across the world is not consistent. They differ in the structure of hospitals (private vs state), the type of supply (free vs paid donations), pricing for blood, the distribution of blood, and the handling of shortages [7]. All systems, however, have the same objectives, to provide sufficient supply while keeping wastage to a minimum. Using blood units before they time expire allows them to be used for treatments and hence reduces unnecessary costs. Improving blood inventory management practice reduces losses due to time expiry and facilitates the efficient use of blood. Maintaining the critical balance between shortage and wastage is the key to good blood stocks management. Good inventory management performance entails carrying enough stock to guarantee 100% availability while at the same time minimizing time expiry [8,9]. Failure to meet these 2 objectives can result in a hospital transfusion laboratory not being able to meet clinical demand. While excess stock will lead to unnecessary costs for the health-care system; in hospitals across the world, economic considerations are becoming increasingly important and are therefore being used to control precious resources such as blood [10]. Wasting a unit of blood is also a waste of the donors’ time, effort, and contribution which in the United States, Scotland, England, and Wales, for example, is made on an entirely voluntary basis [7]. In a study carried out by the World Health organization (WHO), of the 124 countries investigated, only 49 (39.5) had reached 100% unpaid voluntary blood donation [11]. Wastage can occur at many points across the blood supply chain [8,12]; however, for example, in the United Kingdom and Germany, in recent years, wastage in hospitals has been significantly higher than wastage in blood centers as shown in Figure 1. Inventory management and distribution of blood are seen as major components of the cost for blood [13]. Hence, both efficient management of blood inventories and logistics can contribute to a reduction in the overall cost of blood. Various approaches have been proposed to reduce the use of blood, and hence its cost; these have been discussed in the wider literature along with a number of studies looking at the storage of blood and its impact on supply [14-16]. Therefore, this research article will focus on a review of inventory practice in hospitals. This article has 2 key objectives, to review the available literature on generic perishable inventory management and in doing so evaluate potential models that can be applied to the blood supply chain. Second, the article will identify the key drivers for good blood inventory performance by investigating practice in hospitals that have minimized their wastage and compare these with the findings from the literature. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature on inventory management within the blood supply chain is rather limited. However, blood is a perishable and deteriorating product, and therefore, more general perishable inventory theory can potentially be applied to its management. Techniques used in industrial environments, for example, just in time, are not suitable for the blood supply system due to the consequences of an inventory shortage [17]. The majority of the extant literature is specifically related to the development of inventory theory within the blood supply chain management context and has concentrated on the development of a variety of increasingly complex inventory models based on a range of analytical and simulation techniques. This has been done on the premise that, by improving the complexity and, by extension, the accuracy of the inventory models used to manage the blood supply chain, wastage can be reduced. Research in blood inventory management dates back to the 1960s [18,19]; there have been 2 major periods of activity, the 1970s and the 2000s. In 1973, in the first article of note, Jennings [20] described the fundamentals of how the blood supply chain operates and identified the 3 key measures of performance: shortage, outdating/ wastage, and cost of information and transportation. Brodheim et al [21] went on to develop an inventory model based on the average age and average wastage of blood units using a Markov chain approach. Cumming et al [22] subsequently developed a planning model for the collection of donations and a basic model for issuing units to hospitals. Prastacos and Brodheim [23,24] published a prototype computer-based regional distribution model implemented in the United States called Programmed Blood Distribution System (PBDS). Taking a different approach, Cohen and Pierskalla [25] developed target stock levels for hospital blood banks derived from data provided by 1 US hospital and 1 blood center. In a later article, the last of this period of research activity, Prastacos [9] reviewed the literature looking at various models from an operations research point of view. There is then a gap of nearly 20 years before Owens et al [26] analyzed the impact of the average age of blood units on the inventory performance and found that the average age varied from blood group to blood group. They concluded that an extension of shelf life had the potential to yield significant reductions in wastage. Hence, inventory management is not the only factor that impacts on the wastage of blood components. In another study from a supply chain perspective, Spens [27] identified collaboration and “doing things together” as a driver for good performance in the blood supply chain. The establishment of the Blood Stocks Management Scheme (BSMS) in the United Kingdom and the instigation of a large database monitoring stock levels and wastage rates in hospitals and blood centers has opened new possibilities in blood inventory management research [28]. The availability of these new data has led to greatly improved transparency and consequently an increased understanding of blood inventory management and improved visibility of the blood supply chain. This has been coupled with improvements in computer technology, which have led to the availability of simulation tools with sufficient power to build meaningful models of this extremely complicated process. Various approaches to employ simulation techniques (such as discrete event simulation and level crossing techniques) have been carried out, concluding that simulation can help decision makers to make less risky decisions regarding changes in the supply chain [29-31]. A recent study by Perera et al [32] based on a survey of 265 UK hospitals identified a number of additional factors for efficient inventory management. The research showed that reducing the reservation period for reserved units (assigned inventory) leads to lower inventory levels and reduced wastage. In addition, computer-assisted ordering processes and training programs were identified as having a significant impact on the amount of stock held. It is important to note that all of the models and approaches identified in the academic literature have limitations and weaknesses, as, by their very nature, all models are based on assumptions and require defined inputs. For example, various inventory models consider the so-called costs of lost sales or shortage costs in case of a stock out; however, due to the fact that it is hard to obtain these costs, simple ordering policies are often applied [33]. Mattsson [34] argued that simplifying assumptions made in inventory control models have a negative effect on their validity, and hence, systems built on such models cannot be expected to perform as well as anticipated. Småros et al [35] confirm this by admitting that imposing strict assumptions leads to distorted results; therefore, the models do not depict reality and cannot be applied. This section has summarized the findings from the review of the blood inventory management literature. As has been mentioned previously, this literature is rather limited; however, as a perishable and deteriorating product, blood represents a subset of the broader field of perishable inventory management literature and therefore should be considered in this context. Table 1 summarizes the major models identified in a review of the more general perishable inventory literature. In each case, it provides a summary of the model together with the model pros and cons. Pros are indicated with the + symbol and cons are listed with the – symbol. It is found that, due to the added complexity of the presence of both assigned and unassigned inventory, most of the general models from perishable inventory theory discussed in Table 1 are not applicable. In summary, the research to date in blood inventory is dominated by operations research specialists who develop mathematical models and use them to derive policies [23,25,31,39,50,52]. This academic work creates the impression that the adoption of more advanced and complex inventory management models leads directly to improved performance within the blood supply chain by determining optimal order quantities and additionally or alternatively optimizing distribution. |