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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
Introduction:
Trade is as one of the reasons transfer industry, culture, religion, art, etc. that carrying in line commodity exchanges and sometimes can be realized the impact of two the mainland from on the trade; Including trade of Iran and South-East Asia that was result the transmission of cultures. But trade between these two the regions and its impact in some field remains unknown or in other words, because of the similarities in these regions isn’t known, appears to be essential study. The literature on this subject can be found in most historical books contents about the trade, especially in the third to seventh centuries A.D or in part of references Islamic, is referred enter Islam to this region by merchants or the presence of Muslims. Some of articles have studied branches of this subject sporadically. But some researchers have offered theories about the effects of trade in cultures a transmission that have opened the discussion and is necessary continue, completing and proof it. Accordingly, the present study aims in addition to gathering the views of previous researchers in this field and continue and development on their researches about southeast Asia and analysis uncertainties and ambiguity discussion, studies trades in all relevant branches and its impact on these periods (third to seventh centuries A.D) and before and after it, makes encyclopedia of trade between Iran and Southeast and even with the name of this title.
The purpose of this research is the following:
– Recognition of native culture and civilizations of the ancient of southeast Asia
– Find the root of cultural hybridity and cause of accept the effects
– Understanding the relations between the two Asian regions that many remains unknown
The importance of this research is that complete discussion trade and recognize of the relationships between these two regions and its role as one of the factors transmission influence in other fields, can addition introducing identities, helps studies other sciences.
Literature Review:
For a more comprehensive discussion it will examine of the trade the various branches of the research and previous researchers’ theories advance research will help because to give direction to this research complement and extend these researches.
Some writers in historical subjects have spoken briefly about the trade and commercial goods, is the need to expand their discussion. For example; in 1971, Smith refers to merchants, the spice islands of the Indian trade centers were and then by overland caravans were transported to markets in Europe and the Near East. Sometimes goods are shipped without overland through India, Iran or Saudi ports were carrying indiscriminately.
In 2010, Hall ” kang Tai reported that the Yuezhi horses were continually being exported to Funan by Southeast Asia-based merchants and said that when he visited Funan he encountered a Persian Sogdian merchant with whom he explored the possibility of entering a horse importing partnership.”
Some writers of historical periods that trade between the two regions have spoken of the need to extend his discussion. For example; Osbome in 2013 implies that during the early history of South East Asia’s trade were carried with India, China, Iran and West regions away. Wicks (1992) has argued that the Chinese texts third century Iranian naval presence in the waters of South East Asia have pointed out. Chakravati noted that in 1995, Chinese Ambassador to the third century AD, a Vietnamese trade with West Asia is about. Krachkufsky in 2000 that in the early centuries of Sassanid era and then in the early centuries of Muslim commercial relations with Iran to the port of Canton in China and Muslim traders and parts of East Asia, including India, China and Malaya archipelago between travel and have. In 1986, Payande writes Masoudi geographers and historians of the fourth century AH (tenth century A.D) speaks about the Iranian mariners traveling to this area of the business and the goods are in the islands. Dr. Eqtedari in 2007 short noted to Iran and South-East Asian trade in the before and after Sassanid period But hasn’t spoken the impact and role of transporting a word. Rabani in 2006 points out that in the fourteenth century, when the presence of Iranian merchants in Audia.
Some writers on the subject amidst historic trade routes have talked about the need to develop and analyze. For example; In 1971 Rayyn these quotes from Professor H. “The Persian ships had gone to China.” Rabani (2006) pointed to evidence suggesting a direct role in the waterways of South East Asia between the third and seventh centuries A.D there.
Some of the writers in their historical discussions of the works in the business have to speak briefly that is the need to provide more detail their discussion. For example; Wolters Written in his book captioned in 2008; McKinnon told “An item of Persian origin has been found at the Kota Cina site near Medan in northeastern Sumatra” that the reason find it in this area is important for this research. In 2008 Mohammadi Far, points out in his educational pamphlet archaeology that at three locations in southeast China Sassanid coins found and knows its reason maritime trade relations with Iran and parts of Asia. Sotoudehnejad in 2004 despite the effects of the Sassanid coins and pottery have been noted in areas of South East Asia that the will help to evaluate trade routes and findings the objects. He is also the researcher have ideas in the fields of culture, East, South and South-East Asia and believes that this is a great debate. He based his evidence on the impact of the Iranian Sassanid culture, language and beliefs of the people of Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia, the business has but in his discussion of the place of the old Documents Concerning Iranian influence in other areas trade and Industry in the pre-and post-Sassanid Iran has also pointed out More studies are needed to expand to other countries in the region are even now trying to complete their investigation.
Some writers have talked briefly about trade places to find local businesses that have opened up the debate between the two regions. For example; Whitehouse in 1976 reviewed some of the names of such name Possu between the fourth and twelfth centuries A.D mentioned in Chinese documents and stated researchers’ theories about the name that’s all it means barking, South East Asia or local merchants and Iranian ships carrying goods have been interpreted which is required to be more precise and more detailed evaluation. In 2003, Daryaey in issue of trade and the economy of Sassanid refers to the Persian nomadic in Malaysia.
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