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عنوان فارسی مقاله | مدل های حیوانی بیماری های نورودژنراتیو (تخریب کننده عصبی) |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases |
رشته های مرتبط | پزشکی، آسیب شناسی، ژنتیک پزشکی و مغز و اعصاب |
کلمات کلیدی | بیماری های نورودژنراتیو (تخریب کننده عصبی)، بیماری آلزایمر، بیماری پارکینسون، بیماری هانتینگتونف مدل های حیوانی |
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کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
نشریه | اسپرینگر – Springer |
مجله | پیوند سلول های عصبی – Neural Cell Transplantation |
سال انتشار | 2013 |
کد محصول | F557 |
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جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات پزشکی |
فهرست مقاله: مقدمه |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: مقدمه |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Introduction The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases increases with age and, considering the aging process of the population worldwide, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is expected to rise in the next years. This is particularly true for AD, the most common form of dementia, accounting for approximately 50-60% of all cases and representing a major public health concern with significant social and economic impact.1 There is still no curative treatment for AD or other neurodegenerative diseases, but ongoing trials are presently evaluating new therapeutic strategies.2 The identification of effective disease-modifying drugs depends on the accurate understanding of the etiopathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease so that strategies that may eventually preclude its development or at least lessen its progression may be suggested. To increase the knowledge on the etiopathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, a series of animal models is currently being used. These models aim to reproduce the causes, the pathological lesions, or the symptoms of a given disease.3 Besides providing insights into the pathophysiology of the diseases, animal models are of paramount importance to assess the efficacy of potential treatments before conducting clinical trials in humans. In the present review, we present data on animal models for AD, PD, and Huntington’s disease (HD). Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease AD affects mainly people over 60 years old and its initial presentation is usually memory impairment, but later symptoms include visuospatial, language, and executive dysfunctions. At present, there is no effective diseasemodifying strategy in AD, and the available drugs are indicated to improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms.4 Although animal models have greatly advanced the understanding of AD pathogenesis, the lack of knowledge concerning its causes makes it difficult to develop a model exhibiting all AD features, which hinders the discovery and characterization of effective drugs. Currently, the most employed animal models were developed based on known genetic mutations associated with AD.5 However, the vast majority of AD cases (over 90%) are sporadic, and the underlying causes are unknown. Therefore, these genetic-based AD animal models do not recapitulate all features of sporadic AD and do not cover all factors that may influence the etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD, such as apolipoprotein E. An additional complicating factor is that AD animal models do not exhibit the extensive neuronal cell loss observed in human patients.6 The histopathological hallmark of AD is the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Extracellular amyloid plaques are formed from b-amyloid protein peptides (Ab), which are fragments formed by cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP).7 APP can be processed by a-and c-secretases, generating a nonamyloidogenic product, or by b- and c-secretases, generating Ab peptides, which are amyloidogenic and are prone to form plaques (Figure 1). However, there is no direct correlation between the number of cortical plaques and cognitive deficit in AD patients, and many individuals have amyloid plaques without cognitive impairment or dementia.8 Moreover, the amount and the topography of the senile plaques are not correlated with the severity of dementia, and the amyloid deposition seems to remain stable during the progression of the disease.9 The clinical progression of AD symptoms is not congruent with the progression of the amyloid deposition in the human brain, but it seems closely related to the progression of tau pathology.10 This set of data indicates that factors other than amyloid deposits might have a role in the disease progression.11 For instance, soluble oligomeric Ab species formed by 1 to 30 Ab amino acids correlate better than amyloid plaques with cognitive decline in both humans and AD transgenic mice. Synaptic loss that might be caused by the neurotoxic effect of soluble Ab oligomers and/or tau pathology is also directly related to cognitive impairment.11,12 As Ab is closely involved in AD pathogenesis, AD rodent models were generated by intracerebral infusion of Ab peptides.13,14 Importantly, direct intracerebral injection of Ab peptides causes learning and memory deficits, as well as neuropathological changes that resemble human AD, including inflammation, microglial activation, and limited cell loss. The infusion model allows researchers to administer defined amounts of a specific Ab species of known sequence and length, rather than waiting several months (i.e., aging process) for the development of pathological changes in transgenic animals. Ab infusion models are very useful for pre-clinical drug testing as they can deliver experimental results, including plaque pathology, within a timeframe of few weeks.13 However, the concentration of the Ab administered is much higher than the Ab levels found in the brain of AD patients, leading to brain alterations that surpass the effect of aging on AD progression.14 Conversely, genetically modified mice overexpressing APP or Ab42 accumulate Ab plaques and soluble Ab oligomers in an age-dependent manner.15 These APP mouse models display progressive Ab deposition in both diffuse and neuritic plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, astrocytosis, microgliosis, mild hippocampal atrophy, neurotransmission changes, and cognitive and behavioral deficits.14 |