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عنوان فارسی مقاله | روشنایی ال ای دی برای بهبود عملکرد و صرفه جویی انرژی در پرورش طیور |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | LED Lighting for Improved Performance and Energy Savings in Poultry Farming |
رشته های مرتبط | کشاورزی، علوم دامی و فیزیولوژی دام |
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نشریه | Once |
کد محصول | F548 |
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فهرست مقاله: چکیده استفاده از برنامه روشنایی در پرورش طیور حیوانات و دریافت نور به روز رسانی تحقیقات بر روی برنامه های روشنایی و پرورش طیور رنگ نور سنج رنگ نور سنج ها شدت نور نیز به همان اندازه مهم است مزایای اقتصادی استفاده از برنامه های روشنایی ال ای دی |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: استفاده از برنامه روشنایی در پرورش طیور |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: THE USE OF LIGHTING PROGRAMS IN TODAY’S FARMING In farming, it is important to understand how different animals receive information from the light in their environment because light stimulation is one of the key environmental cues for initiation and synchronization of many physiological processes in an animal’s body (i.e. reproduction). The type of light in its environment also affects an animal’s behavior, such as feeding activity; the animal’s physiological processes, such as rate of growth; as well as overall condition (i.e. stress levels). Humans receive information about the light in their environment through their eyes only; this is called retinal stimulation. However, other animals receive information about the light in their environment through their eyes AND through other sensors in their bodies. Overall, these structures are called “extra retinal” photoreceptors. Different animals have different extra retinal photoreceptors (Foster & Soni, 1998; Vigh et al., 2002). This paper concentrates on poultry farming and the application of lighting programs to increase profitability, however it is important to note that the same principals can and are being used quite successfully in agriculture enterprises involving all types of animals. ANIMALS AND LIGHT PERCEPTION In the vision of all animals, the information the brain receives about light is dependent on structures in the eye that absorb the light. These structures are called photoreceptors. Different types of photoreceptors absorb different types (wavelengths) of light. Therefore, if a specific photoreceptor is not found in the animal for a certain wavelength of light, the animal will not perceive the light even though it is present in the environment. For instance, humans do not have photoreceptors for ultraviolet light (300 nm wavelength) and therefore cannot perceive it even when it is present in the environment.On the other hand, chickens do have photoreceptors for UV light and are aware of it and react to it. Thus, it is important when establishing an effective lighting program to understand that it is not the color of light in an animal’s environment as much as the animal’s ability to perceive that color which needs to be considered. The same consideration must be made when deciding lighting intensity. Not only are the different photoreceptors selectively sensitive to different colors of light (wavelength) but they are also differentially sensitive to light intensity. The ability to be stimulated by different intensities of light in the environment is not so much dependent on the type of photoreceptor, although this is a factor, but more significantly on the number of these photoreceptors. This makes the difference on the level of light that the animal can perceive. The fact that human and poultry not only have different types of photoreceptors but also different numbers of some photoreceptors is important to remember when establishing intensity of lighting programs for poultry. Although humans and poultry can both see blue color, poultry have more photoreceptors for this color and therefore perceive more light of this color in the environment than a human would (actually 12 times more) (Lewis & Morris, 2000). Since different animals perceive the same lighting in an environment differently, a farmer cannot use measurements of the human perception of light in an environment to establish appropriate lighting programs for his farm animals. For truly appropriate lighting measurements, a farmer should use select photometers designed to give measurements representing the farm animal’s perception of light in the environment. Up until now, we have discussed the perception of light in the environment by different animals through the animal’s eyes. Attention must also be given to “extra retinal” light stimulation, a way of perceiving light that humans no longer have but which still remains active and viable in many animals. Poultry, like many other vertebrates, can light in the environment through bodily structures other than their eyes– these are known as “extra-retinal” photoreceptors (Lewis & Morris, 2000; Menaker & Underwood, 1976). The pineal gland, which sits on top of the brain in a bird, is one of these extra retinal photoreceptors. Poultry also have deep brain photoreceptors that lie at the base of the brain. Similar to the response in the eyes, extra-retinal light perception stimulates the brain and consequently can trigger physiological responses and affect the animal’s behavior. This type of light stimulation cannot be overlooked when establishing lighting programs for poultry, as it can have pronounced impact on production and therefore profitability. For instance, blue light in a poultry barn reduces stress on the birds (Lewis & Morris, 2000). This response to light can increase the bird immune response (Seon et al., 2014), which in turn can reduce the risk of and treatment costs of infection to certain diseases. Higher survival levels in the flock and lower costs of production support profitability. |