دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله تغییر شیلات جهانی – الزویر ۲۰۱۳
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی وجهه متغیر شیلات جهانی – سال ۱۹۵۰ در مقایسه با سال ۲۰۰۰ به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله | وجهه متغیر شیلات جهانی – سال ۱۹۵۰ در مقایسه با سال ۲۰۰۰ |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | The changing face of global fisheries—The 1950s vs. the 2000s |
رشته های مرتبط | منابع طبیعی، آبزی پروری، شیلات، بوم شناسی آبزیان |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مجله | سیاست دریایی – Marine Policy |
سال انتشار | ۲۰۱۳ |
کد محصول | F526 |
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فهرست مقاله: چکیده ۱٫ مقدمه ۲٫مواد و روش ها ۲٫۱٫ داده های جمع آوری شده ی جهانی ۳٫ نتیجه و بحث ۳٫۱٫ فرود جهانی ۳٫۲٫ تلاش ماهیگیری |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: ۱٫ مقدمه ۲٫مواد و روش ها |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: ۱٫ Introduction Modern humans have exploited marine resources since we emerged as a species (see, e.g., [1]). When harsh conditions threatened the small population of early humans, coastal marine resources allowed them to survive [2]. But since then, human have thrived, and have strongly impacted marine, and particularly coastal species and ecosystems [3], especially in the last 150 years, which saw the industrialization of fisheries [4]. Notably, global fishing patterns have strongly changed since the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations published its first collection of global fisheries landings in the mid 1950s [5]. Fishing fleets have been challenged by stock collapses [6], while empowered by improved technologies and logistic support. Many fisheries are now multinational enterprises (see, e.g., [7,8]). Since the adoption, in the late 1970s/early 1980s of exclusive economic zones (EEZ) by maritime countries [9], the roving fleets of distant-water countries have had to negotiate coastal zone access arrangements. Though maps of where fishing occurs have always accompanied this activity, these documents were seen as commercially valuable, and were not willingly disclosed, as fishing is, of course, a very competitive business. Trying to see the big picture has therefore been extremely difficult, while increasingly necessary to examine potential impacts on marine ecosystems, and those commercial and non-commercial plants and animals embedded in them. Additionally, the impacts of climate change will challenge our ability to plan and mitigate [10]. The Sea Around Us project, which began in 1999 ([11,12]), has used publicly available fisheries landing statistics, to map where global landings were taken on a fine-scale [13,14]. Subsequently, this same project mapped global fishing effort as well [15–۱۷]. These mapped databases allow fishing activity to be associated on a spatial scale of use to policy makers and ecologists alike, especially when the data they presented were refined to allow a breakdown by fishing country and associated fishing gear. Such data breakdowns allowed for comparison with oceanographic and satellite data such as primary productivity [18–۲۰], as one of the most potent measures of fishing intensity is how much of local primary production is appropriated in form of fisheries catches. Mapping global fisheries catches has also been valuable in detecting irregularities, such as hidden or inflated catch reporting, as was the case for China [21]. Studying and understanding the trajectory of changes in the marine environment induced by anthropocentric activities, and particularly fishing, is important to formulating marine policy. Here changes that have occurred since global catch statistics began to be published annually in the 1950s are explored. ۲٫ Material and methods ۲٫۱٫ Global catch and effort data The fishing landing data were sourced from the Sea Around Us project [12,13], as compiled from a range of sources including the FAO fisheries database, supplemented by regional datasets, and augmented in a few cases, with reconstructed datasets, e.g., from [22]. It is quality-checked, and mapped to a system of 300 by 300 spatial cells using a rule-based approach based on original spatial information, the access of fleets to coastal waters (through reports or explicit access agreements), and the distribution of the reported fish marine taxa, as inferred from geography and habitat affinities in FishBase [23] for fishes, and SeaLifeBase [24] for invertebrates [25]. Fishing effort data was sourced from the Sea Around Us project [17]. This data was standardized and collated, based on engine power (Watts) and fishing days [16] from a range of public domain sources including the FAO’s Coordinated Working Party on Fisheries Statistics (FAO-CWS), and European Union Common Fishing Policy Statistics (EU) for non-tuna fishing, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) and FAO’s Atlas of Tuna and Billfish for tuna fishing (FAO-Atlas), and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) for fishing effort in the Antarctic region. The resultant harmonized global dataset was mapped to 300 by 300 spatial cells using a variety of processes, depending on spatial information present in the original sources. The data from SCP, ICCAT, IATTC, IOTC, FAO-Atlas, and the CCAMLR data provided spatial information, whereas, the FAO-CWS and EU statistics did not, and thus required further spatial modelling. Fishing effort was first apportioned to fleet-accessible ports, then mapped to spatial cells in adjacent waters using a twoscale gravity-model, based on the value of mapped landings taken from surrounding waters based on modelled landings from the Sea Around Us project’s databases. |