دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله بررسی تغییرات در مواجهه با دود سیگار و تنباکو – NCBI 2013
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تغییرات در مواجهه با دود سیگار: بررسی شهر Beaver Dam به همراه ترجمه فارسی
| عنوان فارسی مقاله: | تغییرات در مواجهه با دود سیگار: بررسی شهر Beaver Dam |
| عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Changes in Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure: The Beaver Dam Experience |
| رشته های مرتبط: | پزشکی، اپیدمیولوژی |
| فرمت مقالات رایگان | مقالات انگلیسی و ترجمه های فارسی رایگان با فرمت PDF میباشند |
| کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
| نشریه | Ncbi |
| کد محصول | F496 |
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| جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات پزشکی |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Introduction Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been associated with adverse health outcomes in nonsmokers. In 1992, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified ETS as a known human carcinogen.1 The effects on the cardiovascular system are estimated to be substantial, on average 80–۹۰% as large as that from active smoking (averaged across mechanistic effects, e.g., endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness).2 ETS exposure occurs in a variety of settings, including home, work, and social settings. Exposure in the home and workplace may be particularly harmful, as many people spend much of their time at home and in their workplaces. ETS exposure in the workplace was previously estimated to result in about 1710 excess ischemic heart disease deaths per year among 35–۶۹ year old nonsmoking U.S. workers.3 A meta-analysis of 17 studies estimated a relative risk for coronary events of 1.25 (95% CI = 1.17–۱٫۳۳) among never smoking spouses married to smokers, compared to those with nonsmoking spouses.4 In recent decades, increasing awareness of the harms of ETS has led to attempts to reduce or avoid exposure, and some cross-sectional population-based studies have reported declining temporal trends, as did one longitudinal study which excluded women.5–۸ We aimed to determine if ETS exposure changed among non-smoking older adult participants in a longitudinal population-based study during the five-year period between two examinations: 1998–۲۰۰۰ and 2003–۲۰۰۵٫ In particular, we investigated whether later time period was associated with ETS exposure in a variety of settings, after taking into account important temporal changes including age of the participants, retirement, and spousal death. Methods Study population The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) is a population-based longitudinal study of sensory loss and aging in Beaver Dam, WI (1993-present). A private census was conducted in 1987–۱۹۸۸ which identified 43 to 84 year old residents of the city or township of Beaver Dam, WI (n=5924). In 1988–۱۹۹۰, ۴۹۲۶ of the 5925 eligible (83%) participated in the first examination phase of the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES).9 Those who participated in the baseline BDES and were alive on March 1, 1993 (n=4541) were eligible for the EHLS, and 3753 (82.6%) participated in the baseline EHLS examination phase from 1993–۱۹۹۵٫۱۰ The EHLS five-year follow-up examinations took place from 1998–۲۰۰۰ and, of the 3407 EHLS participants alive as of March 1998, 2800 (82.2%) participated.11 During the 10-year follow-up examination phase in 2003–۲۰۰۵, ۲۳۹۵ (۸۲٫۵% of survivors) participated.12 Participants who provided ETS questionnaire data at both the 5-year (1998–۲۰۰۰) and the 10-year (2003–۲۰۰۵) follow-up interviews were included in this study (n=2231). Analyses were limited to participants who were nonsmokers at both time points (n=1898), 87.1% and 89% of all participants at the 5- and 10-year follow-up examinations, respectively. This study was approved by the Health Sciences Institutional Review Board of the University of Wisconsin and informed consent was obtained from each participant. |
