دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله اثر افزایش سطح دریا بر امواج بزرگ نزدیک ساحل و سازه های ساحلی – الزویر 2016
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی اثر بالا آمدن سطح دریا بر امواج بزرگ نزدیک ساحل و سازه های دریایی به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | اثر بالا آمدن سطح دریا بر امواج بزرگ نزدیک ساحل و سازه های دریایی |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Effect of sea level rise on nearshore significant waves and coastal structures |
رشته های مرتبط: | مهندسی عمران، سازه، مهندسی هیدرولیک، آب و سازه های هیدرولیکی، سازه های دریایی |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
کد محصول | F466 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction During the last several decades, the international community led by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has performed researches for projecting the emission of greenhouse gases and the corresponding climate change (Marchetti, 1977; Schneider and Chen, 1980; Houghton et al., 1996, 2001; Marland et al., 2003; Stern et al., 2006; Solomon et al., 2007; Stocker et al., 2013 among many others). The emission scenarios of the greenhouse gases have been regularly updated by the IPCC, showing different trends depending on the assumptions about future technological and economic development. However, all the scenarios project the rise of air temperature due to the increase of greenhouse gases emission and the corresponding sea level rise. Accordingly, researches have been performed for the effect of sea level rise upon various coastal engineering problems. Coastal structures are directly influenced by the sea level rise. The effects of water depth increase and the corresponding wave height change on the performance and stability of coastal structures have been investigated (Klein et al., 1998; Sutherland and Wolf, 2002; Okayasu and Sakai, 2006; Stern et al., 2006; Reeve et al., 2008; Torresan et al., 2008; Wigley, 2009; Reeve, 2010; Takagi et al., 2011; Chini and Stansby, 2012; Suh et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2013; Suh et al., 2013). However, most of these studies has been performed for a specific site using the sea level rise under a specific emission scenario so that it is difficult to use the result in different sites subject to different sea level rises. On the other hand, Townend (1994) proposed a more general dimensionless approach, which can be applied to a wide range of sites and scenarios. Expressing the relative change in water depth as d ¼ D0 =D, where D and D0 are the water depths before and after the sea level rise, he calculated the relative changes in wave height, wavelength, shoaling coefficient, and refraction coefficient due to the sea level rise as functions of d. Furthermore, these relative changes were used for calculating the relative changes in wave run-up height, wave overtopping rate, and the required freeboard and armor weight of the structures. The approach of Townend (1994), however, is based on regular wave theory. In the present study, we extend his approach to irregular waves that are actually observed on a real sea. In the following section, the method used to calculate the relative changes in various wave and structural parameters due to sea level rise is described. The results and discussion are presented in the next section. For ease of application, the results are presented graphically as functions of deepwater wave characteristics and water depth relative to deepwater wavelength. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn. 2. Method 2.1. Outline To estimate the effect of sea level rise on waves and structures, as done by Townend (1994), the relative change in water depth due to the sea level rise is used. Assuming a long planar beach with straight and parallel depth-contours, the relative changes in wave characteristics (wave height, wavelength, shoaling coeffi- cient, and refraction coefficient) are estimated as functions of the relative change in water depth. To extend the Townend (1994) approach to irregular waves, the wavelength and refraction coefficient are calculated by the regular wave formulas but using the significant wave period and principal wave direction of random directional waves. The shoaling coefficient is calculated by a formula proposed for nonlinear shoaling of irregular waves. The significant wave height is calculated by the approximate formula of Goda (1975). The relative changes in wave characteristics are then used for calculating the relative changes in various parameters related to hydraulic performance and stability of inclined coastal structures. The wave run-up height and overtopping discharge and the required freeboard of a structure are calculated by using the formulas given in the Eurotop Manual (Pullen et al., 2007). The weight of armor unit is calculated by the Hudson (1959) formula with the significant wave height. |