دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی ژن های رنگدانه و ژن های سرطان به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | ژن های رنگدانه و ژن های سرطان |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Pigment Genes and Cancer Genes |
رشته های مرتبط: | پزشکی و زیست شناسی، ژنتیک، ایمنی شناسی پزشکی و ژنتیک پزشکی |
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توضیحات | ترجمه این مقاله به صورت خلاصه انجام شده است. |
کد محصول | F408 |
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بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: سلول های رنگدانه در ماهی ها
انواع سلول های رنگدانه در ماهی ها
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Pigment Cells in Fish Development of Pigment Cells There are two major types of pigmented cells in the vertebrate body. The black cells of the retinal pigment epithelium, the dark cell layer in the eye, are of neuroectodermal origin. In contrast, the pigment cells of the skin (chromatophores), which are the focus of the present article, derive from the neural crest. The neural crest is a transient cell population during early embryonic development that arises in the dorsal ectoderm between the neuroectoderm and the prospective epidermis. From this layer, neural crest cells migrate along different routes throughout the embryo to their final destinations. Neural crest cells give rise to around 50 different cell types including cartilage, neurons, and chromatophores. They are all initially multipotent, but they become gradually restricted to a particular cell fate during development. A first distinction can be made between ectomesenchymal and non-ectomesenchymal neural crest cells. The former give rise to cartilage, bone, and tooth tissues, while the latter develop into neurons, glia, and pigment cells. All pigment cell types develop from a common precursor cell (Figure 1). Pigment Cell Types in Fish In teleost fishes, six major pigment cell types can be recognized, each displaying characteristic pigments in specialized pigmentary organelles (Figure 2). Melanophores synthesize the black to brown eumelanin in their melanosomes (Figure 2). In contrast to mammals and birds, teleosts do not synthesize the lighter pheomelanin. The metallic-reflective iridophores store crystalline purines, particularly guanine, in so-called reflecting platelets (Figure 2(a)). The creamy-whitish leucophores also contain purines in their leucosomes (Figure 2(b)). Irido- and leucophores are closely related and generate structural colors by the reflection of light. Yellow to red chromatophores are categorized according to their overall color either as xanthophores (yellow; Figure 2(a)) or as erythrophores (red). Both pigment cell types synthesize yellow to red pteridine pigments in their pigmentary organelles (pterinosomes), which are called xanthosomes or erythrosomes, respectively. In addition, xantho- and erythrophores may store yellow to red carotenoid pigments obtained from the food in carotenoid vesicles. The blue cyanophores have so far only been found in two species of the family Callionymidae (dragonets), the mandarinfish Synchiropus splendidus and the picturesque dragonet S. picturatus. The pigmentary organelles of these cells, termed cyanosomes, contain a true blue pigment. In other fishes, blue is usually displayed as a structural color generated by iridophores. The distribution of chromatophores, often combining stacked layers of different pigment cell types, generates the endless diversity of stripes, spots, and patches of all types of colors in teleosts. To the best of our knowledge, melanophores and iridophores are the only pigment cell types that have been described so far for agnathans (lamprey and hagfish), cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) and lobe-fin fishes (coelacanth and lungfish). (see also The Skin: Coloration and Chromatophores in Fishes) |