دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی سرمایه گذاری شرکت و نقدینگی سهام: شواهد مبنی بر تاثیر قیمت بر تجارت به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | سرمایه گذاری شرکت و نقدینگی سهام: شواهد مبنی بر تاثیر قیمت بر تجارت |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Corporate investment and stock liquidity: Evidence on the price impact of trade |
رشته های مرتبط: | اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، حسابداری مالی، مهندسی مالی و ریسک، اقتصاد مالی |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
کد محصول | f367 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction The recent corporate investment literature documents that optimal corporate investment changes the risk of a stock (Berk, Green, & Naik, 1999). Then how does a change in the risk of a stock affect stock liquidity? The market microstructure literature addresses that a change in the risk affects the pricing strategy of market makers, leading to a change in the price impact, i.e. stock liquidity (Kyle, 1985). In this analysis, we establish a link between corporate investment and stock liquidity by connecting this line of corporate investment study to the market microstructure literature. Specifically, we provide empirical evidence on the role of corporate investment in shaping stock liquidity and argue that the risk shift from corporate investment contributes to stock liquidity. We motivate the current study as follows. In their seminal paper, Berk et al. (1999) argue that corporate investment decision can be evaluated in a real options context because the decision to invest converts growth options into assets in place. Thus, if growth opportunities are fi- nite, corporate investment decision changes the ratio of growth options to assets in place, i.e. the asset risk of a firm, leading to a change in the risk of its stock. In other words, the risk of a stock relates to current and historical investment decisions of the firm. (Carlson, Fisher, & Giammarino, 2004) Specifically, optimal corporate investment decreases the risk of a stock, mostly its systematic part. Even when the new assets are risky, they are less risky than the options they replace. (Carlson, Fisher, & Giammarino, 2006).1 This line of study contributes to the asset pricing literature by exploring the implications of corporate investment for the cross section and time series of expected returns. Berk et al. (1999) are among the first to construct a dynamic real options model by analyzing the risk change in the context of corporate investment. Carlson et al. (2004), Zhang (2005), Li, Livdan, and Zhang (2009), and Liu, Whited, and Zhang (2009) are in line with the model. On the other hand, stock liquidity is endogenously determined. In particular, stock liquidity is governed by different trade motives such as private information (Kyle, 1985; Glosten & Milgrom, 1985) and liquidity (Admati & Pfleiderer, 1988). As both trade motives are subject to the risk of a stock, a change in the risk leads market makers to change the pricing strategy, affecting the price impact. Specifically, Kyle (1985) proposes that at the equilibrium, the risk of a stock shows a negative relationship with stock liquidity. Moreover, the recent liquidity literature provides evidence on a negative association between the systematic component of the risk and stock liquidity.2 Taken together, regardless of the risk source or structure, a change in the risk of a stock negatively co-varies with stock liquidity. By combining these two lines of study, we can hypothesize that corporate investment affects stock liquidity through the pricing strategy of market makers. Specifically, we conjecture that optimal corporate investment improves stock liquidity by lowering the risk of a stock. To our best knowledge, this study is the first empirical analysis linking corporate investment to stock liquidity by emphasizing the risk shift from corporate investment. To address this association, we develop a research design to capture the effect of an exogenous change in corporate investment on stock liquidity. Specifically, following Titman, Wei, and Xie (2005), we define corporate investment as the deviation from the prior three-year moving average corporate investment. This approach minimizes a firm-fixed effect by removing a persistent characteristic from a raw variable. Then, we employ abnormal corporate investment as an exogenous shock and investigate the cross-sectional relationship between abnormal corporate investment and subsequent stock liquidity. In the meantime, the literature addresses that there is the feedback effect of stock liquidity on corporate investment.3 As a determinant of required returns (Acharya & Pedersen, 2005), stock liquidity expands the set of profitable investment opportunities and increases corporate investment. (Derrien & Kecskes, 2013: Becker-Blease & Paul, 2006). Therefore, we also investigate if our analysis is subject to the endogeneity issue.4 Our empirical analysis shows that corporate investment indeed contributes to stock liquidity. First, a portfolio analysis illustrates that stock liquidity is significantly high for firms with a high level of corporate investment. Specifically, we sort a universe of stocks based on past stock liquidity and abnormal corporate investment every year. After a fiscal year ends, firms with a high level of corporate investment exhibit a high level of stock liquidity while firms with a low level of corporate investment present a low level of stock liquidity for both corporate investment measures. To comply with the corporate investment literature, we employ two measures for corporate investment: capital expenditure and capital expenditure plus R&D. Second, the cross-sectional regression analysis confirms the role of corporate investment in shaping subsequent stock liquidity. In particular, when we run the Fama and MacBeth (1973) type yearly crosssectional regression, abnormal corporate investment is positively associated with subsequent stock liquidity even after controlling for wellknown determinants such as past stock liquidity and several stock characteristics. This result holds for both corporate investment measures. We observe that this pattern lasts for three months after a fiscal year ends while it gets statistically weaker beyond the horizon. Furthermore, we examine whether financial constraints have an impact on the relationship between corporate investment and stock liquidity. Since Fazzari, Hubbard, and Petersen (1988) address the effect of financial constraints on corporate investment, many studies investigate the relationship between imperfect capital market and corporate investment.5 As financial constraints prevent firms from financing all the desired investments, financially-constrained firms are less likely to respond to profitable investment opportunities, as shown in Kaplan and Zingales (1997). In other words, for the same level of corporate investment, investment opportunities are more likely to be profitable for financially-constrained firm than for financially-unconstrained firms other things equal. This intuition is consistent with a decreasing marginal productivity of investment opportunity. Therefore, we hypothesize that given any change in corporate investment, financially-constrained firms are likely to experience a greater risk shift and show a stronger effect on stock liquidity. |