دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله مروری بر تئوری های مدرن تجارت بین المللی – Aiscience 2015
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مروری بر نظريه های تجارت بين المللی مدرن به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | مروری بر نظريه های تجارت بين المللی مدرن |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | A Review of Modern International Trade Theories |
رشته های مرتبط: | علوم اقتصادی و مدیریت، مدیریت بازرگانی، بازرگانی بین الملل، توسعه اقتصادی و برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد نظری |
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نشریه | Aiscience |
کد محصول | f332 |
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بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: 1- مقدمه |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction In the past four decades, the question concerning the role of trade (exports) as an engine of growth for economic development in developing countries would be derived from the classical economic theories by Adam Smith (1723-90) and David Ricardo (1772-1823) in the eighteenth century. Adam Smith proposes that international trade plays an important role in economic growth by increasing the size of markets, and offering each country the possibility of taking advantage of the increasing returns to scale based on the division of labour and specialisation. David Ricardo focuses more on the differences in production technologies that induce a country to specialise in the production of commodities that it has comparative advantage, and that the increasing returns to scale are not necessary but the constant returns to scale in every production process may be needed. However, both Smith and Ricardo agree on one point that is, with trade, specialisation in the production of a commodity that a country can produce relatively more cheaply than other countries; each country then, with a given amount of resources, can consume more than it could without trade. In other words, the quantity of each commodity that a country produces depends on its factor endowment and its production technology. As long as these two ratios differ, each country has a comparative advantage in the production of one of the commodities. This paper provides a brief overview of related international trade theories and the possible relations between trade and growth. These international trade theories include: (1) Heckscher-Ohlin theory; (2) export base theory; (3) product cycle theory and Linder’s theory of representative demand; (4) cumulative causation theory; (5) endogenous growth theory; and (6) new trade theory. Each following section, therefore, outlines each of these abovementioned theories. 2. Heckscher-Ohlin Factor Endowment Theory The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (named after its original development by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and his student Bertil Ohlin), leading studies of international trade between the 1920s and the early 1980s, states that a country’s exports depend on its resources endowment whether it is capital-abundant or labour-abundant. If capitalabundant, it will produce and export the capital-intensive goods relatively more cheaply than the other country. Likewise, a labour-abundant country will produce and export the labour-intensive goods relatively more cheaply than the other. It is worth to note that the difference between the Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin model is the former postulates differences in production technologies between countries, while the latter assumes that production technologies are the same. Also, the Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes there are no differences in the aggregate preferences between countries. The only difference existing is that different countries have different resource endowments, and this major discrepancy is sufficient to cause a different production possibility frontier in the two countries such that equilibrium price ratios would differ in an autarky. There are six assumptions usually postulated for the analysis of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade: 1) no transportation costs or trade barriers (implying identical commodity prices in every country with free trade); 2) perfect competition in both commodity and factor markets; 3) all production functions are homogeneous to the first degree (implying constant returns to scale); 4) production functions are such that the two commodities always show different factor intensities; 5) production functions differ between commodities but are the same in both countries; and 6) tastes are the same in both countries (more specifically, both countries have identical homothetic community indifference maps). Furthermore, there are four major theorems in the HeckscherOhlin model: (1) the factor-price equalisation theorem; (2) the Stolper-Samuelson theorem; (3) the Rybczynski theorem; and (4) the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. While (2) and (3) describe relationships between variables in the model, (1) and (4) present some of the key results of the model. |