دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله پروتکل روتین عادی اینترنتی موبایل ادهاک و طرح Cross_Layor
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی پروتکل روتین عادی اینترنتی Mobile Ad Hoc و طرح Cross_Layor به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | پروتکل روتین عادی اینترنتی موبایل ادهاک و طرح Cross_Layor |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Survey on Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols and Cross-Layer Design |
رشته های مرتبط: | مهندسی کامپیوتر، مهندسی فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، مهندسی الگوریتم ها و محاسبات، فناوری اطلاعات، شبکه های کامپیوتری و مخابرات سیار |
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توضیحات | این ترجمه تا بخش سوم انجام شده است |
کد محصول | F3 |
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بخشی از ترجمه فارسی: MANET |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: A “mobile ad hoc network” (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers connected by wireless links. The routers are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network’s wireless topology may change rapidly and unpredictably. Such a network may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be connected to the Internet. Multi hop, mobility, large network size combined with device heterogeneity, bandwidth and battery power constrain make the design of adequate routing protocols a major challenge. In recent years, many routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Basically these protocols can be fit in one of two major categories: on-demand such as AODV [1] and DSR [2], and proactive such as DSDV [3] and OLSR [4]. The review and performance comparison of these protocols are in [5][6][7]. A more comprehensive survey can be found in [8]. In this survey, we will not focus on individual routing protocols; instead we will discuss some new ideas proposed recently mainly to improve MANET throughput and scalability in different ways with some new routing metrics, new technologies such as multi-rate, multi-channel and hierarchical structure, by using cross-layer design. 1. Cross-layer Design of Multi-hop Wireless Networks In most networking software, the protocols are divided into several modules to form a protocol stack. Each layer makes use of the services provided by the layer directly below it, and also provides service to the layer directly above it. The communication is limited between adjacent layers with a minimum set of primitives. The layering principle simplifies design and implementation and provides the possibility of alternative layer implementations. The success of the Internet demonstrates the power of a layered design in wired networks. The characteristics of wireless networks differ from wired networks in several ways, caused by their low link capacity and high bit error rates: • Due to small-scale and large-scale channel variation, the channel quality changes within milliseconds depending on the node’s location and mobility. The routing protocol cannot select a route simply based on a single route request message [9]. • The wireless link capacity depends on the status of other links in its transmission range. Therefore the congestion can also be caused by the inference of other links. Because of the direct coupling between the physical layer and the upper layers, the traditional protocol stack is not sufficient for wireless networks. Cross-layer design methodology is an active research area to improve wireless network performance, where the information is exchanged between different protocol layers dynamically. In a wireless network, physical layer, MAC layer and routing layer together contend for the network resource. The physical layer affects MAC and routing decisions by its transmission power and rate. The MAC layer is responsible for scheduling and allocating the wireless channel, which finally will determine the Carleton University, Systems and Computer Engineering, Technical Report SCE-04-14, August 2004 available bandwidth of the transmitter and the packet delay. This bandwidth and packet delay also can affect the decision at the routing layer to select the link. The routing layer chooses the wireless links to relay the packets to the destination. The routing decision will change the contention level at the MAC layer, and accordingly the physical layer parameters. There are some existing examples for cross-layer design in wireless networks. In CDMA2000 HDR (high data rate)[10], each node periodically measures the quality of the channel to the base station and sends it to the base station, so the base station could give priority to the users with better channel quality to improve the throughput. In [11] the cross-layer design addresses the joint problem of power control and scheduling for multi-hop wireless networks with QoS. It takes SINR and minimum rate as constraints to minimize the total transmit over the links. [12] studied the interaction of the routing protocols and MAC protocols for wireless ad hoc networks under different mobility parameters. Experiments have been run with difference parameter combinations of routing protocols (AODV, DSR and LAR Scheme 1 [13]), MAC layer (MACA, IEEE 802.11 and CSMA), speed of nodes and data packet injection rates. A statistical technique, ANOVA (analysis of variance), is used to analyze the results. The results show significant interacts between these variables in terms of performance [12]. |