دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله سازگاری با ورزش های شدید و منظم (نشریه الزویر 2015)

سازگاری با ورزش های شدید و منظم: از رویکردهای کاهنده در زیست شناسی یکپارچه

Adaptation to Acute and Regular Exercise: From Reductionist Approaches to Integrative Biology

Abstract

This chapter serves as an introduction to the volume focused on the molecular and cellular regulation of adaptation to acute and chronic exercise exposure. It begins with a definition of the overall content of the “sedens–physical activity–exercise training–fitness” domain. One conclusion from this brief overview is that past and current studies have primarily dealt with very limited subsets of the traits and parameters of interest to exercise biologists. Molecular and cellular studies have focused more on adaptation to exercise and less on variable levels of cardiorespiratory fitness even though the latter is a powerful indicator of current and future health status and longevity. In this regard, molecular profiling of intrinsic versus acquired cardiorespiratory fitness would seem to be an area of research deserving more attention. Although molecular and cellular studies are clearly reductionist by nature, they constitute the primary material allowing systems biology to draw inferences about pathways, networks, and systems. Integrative physiology can be substantially enriched by taking advantage of the findings and lessons from molecular studies and systems biology approaches. DNA sequence variation within and between populations as well as recent advances in the definition of the functional elements in the human and other genomes offer unique opportunities to pursue new and more powerful molecular studies, and to reconcile reductionist and integrative approaches.

1 Introduction

All tissues and organs of the human body are affected by exercise particularly when it is energetically demanding and sustained. There is an abundant literature on the metabolic and physiological changes taking place in response to acute endurance, high intensity, and resistance exercise even though much remains to be learned. Similarly, there is a growing body of data regarding adaptation of tissues, organs, and systems to regular exercise and exercise training, particularly with respect to endurance and resistance training. Although impressive advances have been made on the general topic of adaptation to exercise, there are still big gaps in knowledge that deserve our attention. One critical gap in the foundational body of knowledge of exercise biology is the limited understanding of the universe of molecular transducers involved in the regulation of adaptation to all forms of acute and chronic exercise and of the molecular pathways and networks associated with the health benefits of being physically active. There are many other gaps in knowledge and a few are of particular interest and are highlighted here.

One blatant weakness is that exercise biology studies by and large cover only a fraction of the sedens–physical activity–exercise–fitness domain. Figure 1 provides a schematic overview of the multiple dimensions of this domain. Included in the diagram are the sedens–physical activity–exercise training continuum, the fitness traits, the exercise exposure dimensions, the periods of life, health outcomes and aging, and the levels at which exercise biology scientists are investigating adaptation to acute and chronic exposures to exercise. When considering the global domain, it becomes apparent that exercise biology has thus far mainly focused on limited subsets of conditions and has fallen short of having comprehensively covered the multiple forms of exercise and fitness that deserve to be thoroughly investigated in multiple settings and a variety of clinical conditions. For instance, we know little regarding the impact of spontaneous physical activity or acute and chronic exposure to low-intensity exercise on multiple tissues and organs. One obvious conclusion from this quick overview is that the to-do-list of exercise biology research is extraordinarily long.