دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله آنالیز فوتوگرافی طرز حالت بدن (نشریه الزویر 2014)

آنالیز فوتوگرافی طرز حالت بدن: مرور بر ادبیات

Photographic analysis of human posture: A literature review

Abstract

Introduction: The study of posture is not an easy task, mainly because postural assessment is still scientifically inaccurate. Photographs of bipedalism in the frontal and sagittal planes are one of the most widely used methods for this assessment. The aim of this literature review was to determine which anatomical markers authors of scientific papers have taken to minimize the chances of error in measurements. Materials and methods: The Medline and Lilacs databases were searched for the period from 2002 to 2012, with the following keywords: “postura”; “posture” and “postural.” Discussion: A number of studies have shown a reasonable correlation between radiographic measurements and the placement of markers. It appears possible to use photography as a form of scientific assessment since the anatomical landmarks are well chosen. Conclusion: The markers that were suggested in this review: malleolus; posterior calcaneal tuberosity; fibular head; tibial tuberosity; greater trochanter of the femur; anterior angle and/or posterior lateral edge of the acromion; spinous processes (particularly C7); inferior angle of the scapula; sternum manubrium; mental protuberance; and the intertragic notch. Iliac spines, both anterior superior and posterior superior, should only be used with lean subjects.

1 Introduction

The study of human posture is relatively new compared to other areas of medical science. Certain deviations in posture can be unsightly and can adversely affect muscular efficiency, as well as predisposing individuals to musculoskeletal pathologic conditions (Liebenson, 2008; Wallden, 2009; Rosa´rio et al., 2012). Posture can also alter or be altered by certain psychological conditions (James et al., 2009; Rosa´rio et al. 2012). However, it is not an easy subject to study, mainly because postural assessments are still scientifically inaccurate. Two methods are widely used for such assessments: the study of the projection of the center of gravity with the aid of a force platform; and photography of the standing posture, using both frontal and sagittal planes (Rosa´rio et al., 2012). Some methods, such as MRI, are expensive, while others, such as X-ray, involve radiation problems (Suzuki et al., 2010; Berthonnaud et al., 2009; Steffen et al., 2010). The problem with the first approach is purely semantic. Some studies speak of postural analysis as measured by the force platform (Viguier et al., 2009), but this is inaccurate. The force platform measures the oscillation of the body and the association between the projection of the center of gravity and the support base (Bonde-Petersen, 1975), thus providing a balance, not a posture, measurement. Posture is strongly related to balance (Nashner, 1972; Nashner and McCollum, 1985). and its treatment can be similar, but posture is not the same as balance. It is very difficult to imagine a person with good posture and poor balance, but it is possible to imagine bad posture with good balance if the misaligned body segments are compensated so that the resulting projection of the center of gravity is between the feet. The problem with the second approach is that the adhesive markers are not accurate. These are used in the demarcation of the features adopted as the reference point for calculating distances and angles on the photos (Rosa´rio et al., 2012). Depending on the chosen anatomical region, it is easy to misplace the exact location. Large measurements, such as the distance between the shoulders for example, may not suffer so much with this error. However, smaller distances or angular measurements can be questioned since the displacement of the anatomical point may completely alter the outcome (Rosa´rio et al., 2012). Therefore, the aim of this literature review was to determine which methodologies have been adopted by authors of scientific works on posture, in order to solve or minimize this problem in photographic assessments, as well as to search for a protocol with less measurement errors which is easily reproducible, both for scientific and clinical objectives.