دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله پایش کیفیت آب در مخازن و سیستم آبرسانی و شبکه توزیع آب
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی بررسی تلفیق پایش کیفیت آب مخزن ها،سیستم های آبرسانی و شبکه های توزیعی سیستم تامین آب به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | رویکرد تلفیقی برای پایش کیفیت آب در مخازن،سیستم های آبرسانی و شبکه های توزیعی سیستم های آبرسانی |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | An Integrated Approach to Water Quality Monitoring in Reservoirs, Aqueducts and Distribution Networks of Water Supply Systems |
رشته های مرتبط: | مهندسی عمران، علوم و مهندسی آب، آب و فاضلاب، آبیاری و زهکشی |
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نشریه | EWRA |
کد محصول | F109 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Abstract : The use of state-of-the-art technol ogy allows the continuous, automated a nd telemetric monitoring of different physical and chemical parameters that characterize water quality in water supply system s (reservoirs and aqueducts), with simultaneous monitoring of water flows driven by the ex ternal forces affecting rese rvoir circulation, including wind, heat transfer due to solar and at mospheric radiation, incoming river discharges, water withdrawal, etc. This can be achieved by combining in situ automated sensors installe d in the reservoir, the incoming river(s), and at selected locations along the aqueduct from the reservoir to the respective treatment facility, with softwa re that simulates in real time, the reservoir hydrodynamics, aque duct hydraulics and water quality of the entire reservoir and aqueduct system, utilizing time series of the monitored parameters through a data assimilation scheme . This paper describes the possibilities offered by currently available technology fo r integrated water quality monitoring in reservoirs, open aqueducts and the distribution networ k of large water supply systems. Key words : Water quality monitoring system, rese rvoirs, aqueducts, water supply system. 1. INTRODUCTION The European Union (EU) has recognized the need for both the development of surface water monitoring programs in every watershed (article 8 of the EU Directive 2000/60, issued on October 23, 2000) and the adoption of special pollution pr evention measures to protect surface water resources, especially in places where various pollu tants pose a risk to human health (article 16 of the same directive). Measures to prevent contamination from these pollutants should aim at their gradual reduction, and the eventual elim ination of the most hazardous of them. It has long been recognized th at regular monitoring of the phys ical, chemical and biological parameters characterizing water quality in rivers, lakes and reservoirs used for water supply is essential for protecting public health and assuring the long term reli ability of these resources. The data collected from such monitoring: a) allow th e early detection of cha nges and trends in water quality, b) provide the basis for th e calibration of predictive water qua lity and ecological models, c) allow evaluation of alternative remediation strategi es, and d) contribute to the advancement of the fundamental understanding of the behavior of th ese water bodies. In add ition there is increasing pressure to develop the capability to provide early warning in the event of accidental or purposeful water contamination in any of the major components of a water supply system, i.e. the reservoir, the aqueducts, and the distribution network. An example of an effort to develop such a system is described by Clark et al. [1]. Systems for the detection of such low probability but high impact incidents must provide sufficiently early warning to allow the prev ention of public exposure to the contaminants, and be able to identify the loca tion of the contamination source. They must be accurate, reliable and affo rdable, sample at a reasonably high ra te, cover all potential contamination threats and have remote operation [2]. Con tinuous water quality mon itoring, in water supply systems, is necessary for other reasons too, such as, for example, for regulating land use around 28 Y. Papadimitrakis & A. Findikakis reservoirs, and for selecting proper treatment pract ices of raw water, depending on the quality of water conveyed from the reservoir trough the aq ueduct to the respectiv e treatment plant. New monitoring technologies employing robotics, and advanced probes and sensors open new horizons in water quality protection. Also, the last two decades have seen a dramatic increase in the use of numerical simulation models in a variety of large water bodies. These models often focus on the prediction of production, transport, chemical and biological transformations of various pollutants, as well as and thei r impact on the aquatic environment. Hydrodynamic, water quality and ecological models are used interdependently to predict the impact of the presence and/or further introduction of nutrients, or othe r pollutants on an aquatic ecosystem. The major weakness of most simulation models is the lack of sufficient validation with field data, especially during critical short duration events, making thus many numerical simulations mere academic exercises. Disadvantages of the conventional monitoring methods often used in lakes and rivers are: a) the small number of samples collected, giving rather limited coverage of the spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of the measured parameters, b) the low frequency and sometimes the aperiodic nature of such measurements, c) the absence, in many cases, of simultaneous monitoring of external forcing parameters (wind, solar radi ation, inflows and outflows, etc) and flow field they generate, which, not only affects, but possibly, dete rmines water quality, and d) their high cost. The dynamic nature of large water bodies is the main cause of the variability of the physical, chemical, and biological processes (and parameters), which define water quality in them. Water samples from a small number of specific locations at a particular time may not necessarily be representative of water quality in the entire reser voir before, or after that time. These limitations can be overcome by going beyond the conventional approach and adopting some of the more recently developed monitoring concepts, such as those us ed successfully in meteorological and oceano- graphic studies that integrate ma ny aspects of real-time monitoring and combine it with modeling. Integrated water quality monitori ng systems are today commercially available and have been used in the ocean, lakes and rivers [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. A similar monitoring system has also been propo- sed by the first author for operational use in water distribution networks cove ring the needs of small and/or large cities [10]. A similar propos al for developing and deploying a remote in-situ and on- line water quality monitoring system for the drinki ng water network of Salt Lake City has been put forward by Bahabur et al. [11, 12]. Also, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed a model that predicts the propagatio n of contaminants in networks, and is engaged in research on sensors and monitoring systems for measuring c ontaminants in distribution systems [13]. This paper describes the monitoring system envi sioned for a large water supply system, such as, for example, the system that serves the metropolit an area of Athens (in Greece). Such a system may consist of one or more reservoirs and long co nveyance works. For example, the Athens water supply system includes four rese rvoirs, Evinos with an opera tional reservoir volume of 113 Mm 3 , Mornos (670 Mm 3 ), Yliki (580 Mm 3 ), and Marathon (34 Mm 3 ). These reservoirs are connected by about 177 km of canals and about 110 km of t unnels. The Mornos aqueduct, which connects the Mornos reservoir with the Aharnon water treatment plant, is the longest aqueduct of the system having 67.5 km of tunnels, 113.5 km of canals and 7.5 km of inverted si phons. The whole system has four water treatment plants with a total treatment capacity over 1.7 Mm 3 /day. The distribution network (covering the Athens metropolitan area) has about 1.8 million metered connected customers serving about four million people. Th e network is approximately 7,500 km long, having about 1,800 km of primary water supply mains 400 mm to 1.800 mm in di ameter, and 5,700 km of water distribution pipes w ith diameter up to 300 mm. |