دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله آبهای تحت فشار چین – الزویر ۲۰۱۴
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی بررسی آسیب پذیری اجتماعی و زیست محیطی در سیستم آب تحت فشار رودخانه داخلی و فرامرزی چین به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | آب های تحت فشار چین: آسیب پذیری اجتماعی و زیست محیطی در سیستم های رودخانه ای داخلی و فرامرزی چین |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | China’s stressed waters: Societal and environmental vulnerability in China’s internal and transboundary river systems |
رشته های مرتبط: | علوم و مهندسی آب، مهندسی عمران، مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب |
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توضیحات | ترجمه صفحات پایانی موجود نیست |
نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
کد محصول | F103 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: abstract China is undergoing a rapid transition from rural to urban dominated economy. Economy is booming, social structures are changing, ecosystems are stressed, and sustainability is challenged. We analysed the socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability of river systems that are entirely or partly located in the continental part of China. One-third of the mankind inhabit the area covered by this study. Six stress factors (governance, economy, social issues, environment, hazards and water stress) were analysed separately and in combination as an overall vulnerability. China’s most vulnerable parts were found to be situated in the lower Hai and Yellow River basins, with their high population density, low water availability and high human footprint. The other water-stressed areas in the northwest showed high vulnerability, too, and so did the water-rich coastal areas due to high population density, natural hazards and high human footprint. We went beyond existing water stress and vulnerability studies in three dimensions. First, our perspective was highly multidimensional and thus very relevant in addressing China’s water challenges in a realistic and multifaceted way. Second, we combined administrative and river basin scales and used an essentially higher spatial resolution than done so far. Third, we included the transboundary dimension, which is not customary. This is highly important since one billion people China’s neighbouring countries, in basins that are partly in China. © ۲۰۱۴ The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Discussion River system vulnerability: China’s geographic features China is one of the planet’s largest countries in land area, and the largest one in population. Therefore, it is not surprising that China represents a high level of spatial heterogeneity with regard to all the aspects that were included in our vulnerability analysis. This heterogeneity is important, we argue, to understand and to identify river system vulnerabilities in a systematic and pragmatic way. Closed river basins cover one-third of China’s surface area (Table 1). In contrast, large areas in the eastern and southern parts of the country produce excessive discharge to the oceans. Economic income level, population density, proneness to hazards and environmental situation all have large spatial differences inside China. One could expect that closed basins and arid areas would be most vulnerable in terms of water resources. In China’s case this appears not be true; our results indicate that the areas with highest river system vulnerability are not in dry but humid areas. The reason is partly in the spatial distribution of population; whereas around onethird of China’s territory is arid, only 2.1% of the population live in closed basins (Table 1). In addition, closed basins are less prone to hazards and they have a lower human footprint than most of the humid areas. Therefore, large dry, hydrologically closed areas such as Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Qinghai’s closed basins have not been included in most vulnerable areas in our results, despite of high water stress. In many studies (Varis & Vakkilainen, 2001; Xia et al., 2012) China’s most serious water related challenges have been addressed to the North China Plain, which has low precipitation but is still mostly humid, but has a high population density. Our study is in accordance to this. Yet, often the so-called 3H basins (Hai, Huang (Yellow) and Huai), have been used somewhat synonymously to North China Plain and attributed to be most challenged areas in terms of water resources (Berkoff, 2003; Jiang, 2009; Xia et al., 2012). Our study does not fully accord with this view. The most important reason to this disagreement is that we calculated the water stress on the basis of water use in relation to its availability, and not on basis of water withdrawals or water availability per capita as is often done (see e.g. Jiang, 2009). The two latter approaches show the 3H basins as more critical in terms of water scarcity than the former (cf. the data provided by Wada et al., 2011, 2013). Consequently, it is crucial to distinguish water use fromwater withdrawals in this context, as well as in more general terms when addressing water related challenges. Our approach relates water 111 stress to water use and not to water withdrawals since per definition part of the withdrawn water returns to the basin, whereas all wateruse is away from the basin. We propose concern when selecting the metric as an indicator of water scarcity since for instance the wateravailability-per-capita metric ignores the demand of water e if an area does not have much water demanding industry or agriculture, it can survive quite well with water resources that would be quite short for an area with intensive, irrigated agriculture. Instead, the water scarcity should in our view be measured through the relation of supply and demand of water as done here (for more discussion, see Falkenmark, 2013; Vor€ osmarty, Green, Salisbury, € & Lammers, 2000; Wada et al., 2011, 2013; Wu et al., 2013). It is interesting to note, that large areas with ample water resources, particularly in the upper-middle Yangtze basin, such as Sichuan, Chongqing and Hubei, are modestly water-stressed. This is because of their high population density. In addition, they are hazardprone and have a high human footprint. Therefore, they classify equally or even more vulnerable than for instance Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia in our study. There is plenty of evidence in history on their vulnerability as for instance several serious floods and earthquakes have caused massive societal and property damage in these areas even in past several years. This fairly high level of vulnerability of that part of the Yangtze basin is important to note when discussing the SoutheNorth water transfer scheme which draws water mainly from the Yangtze basin towards the north, particularly to the 3H basins (Berkoff, 2003; Jiang, 2009; Xu et al. 2010). After all, our vulnerability map shows less spatial differences in different parts of China than the studies that we refer to in the introduction would suggest, and accordingly China’s vulnerability level is relatively even in most parts of the country. This is because in many areas the six components of vulnerability balance out one another; for instance in very hazard-prone coastal areas in southeast water stress is low and so is the social vulnerability. |