دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله رویکرد یکپارچه برای گردشگری مبتنی بر جامعه پایدار – MDPI 2016

یک رویکرد یکپارچه برای گردشگری مبتنی بر جامعه پایدار

An Integrated Approach to “Sustainable Community-Based Tourism”

چکیده
دو زمینه وحوزه غنی از دانش به طور موازی در مطالعات گردش گری تکامل یافته اند: گردشگری پایدار(ST) و گردشگری مبتنی بر جامعه(CBT). این دو شامل تعاریف ، اصول، معیار ها، عوامل موفقیت مهم و مزایا و برایند ها ی مطلوب بوده و توسط ذی نفعان مختلف متغیر از سازمان ها ی غیر انتفاعی و شبه زیست محیطی تا بخش دولتی- خصوصی و علایق دانشگاهی می باشد. این مسئله منجر به بروز چالش ها ی معنی داری برای افراد علاقه مند به تئوری سازی، تحقیق وعمل در توسعه پایدار و مدیریت گردشگری شده است. این مطالعه نه تنها زمینه ها ی مشترک وتفاوت ها را اشکار می کند بلکه به بررسی ابعاد مهم پایداری که نیازمند توجه بیشتری هستند نظیر عدالت،برابری، مسائل اخلاقی و نظارت می پردازد. یک چارچوب ابتدایی و مهم برای گردش گری مبتنی بر جامعه پایدار(SCBT) ارایه شده است که هدف آن ایجاد پلی بین منابع متفاوت در زمینه ST و CBT می باشد.روش ها ی مهمی برای بهبود تحقیقات و شیوه ها ی پایدار در راستای توسعه موثر تر و مدیریت گردشگری در قرن 21 ارایه شده اند.

Abstract

Two rich knowledge domains have been evolving along parallel pathways in tourism studies: sustainable tourism (ST) and community-based tourism (CBT). Within both lie diverse definitions, principles, criteria, critical success factors and benefits sought or outcomes desired, advocated by different stakeholders ranging from quasi-governmental and non-profit organizations to public-private sector and academic interests. This poses significant challenges to those interested in theory building, research and practice in the sustainable development and management of tourism. The paper builds on a previous article published in Sustainability by presenting an integrated framework based on a comprehensive, in-depth review and analysis of the tourism-related literature. The study reveals not just common ground and differences that might be anticipated, but also important sustainability dimensions that are lagging or require much greater attention, such as equity, justice, ethical and governance issues. A preliminary framework of “sustainable community-based tourism” (SCBT) is forwarded that attempts to bridge the disparate literature on ST and CBT. Critical directions forward are offered to progress research and sustainability-oriented practices towards more effective development and management of tourism in the 21st century.

1. Introduction

A growing literature on sustainable tourism and community-based tourism has emerged over the past three decades in the field of tourism studies. While the discourse of sustainable tourism (ST) is oriented towards long-term sustainability, the literature on community-based tourism (CBT) looks towards local-level responsibilities and practices of tourism development and management. Numerous and diverse interpretations, definitions and practices have been forwarded within each along with a host of criticisms (see for a summary, for example, [1]). Progress towards sustainability is currently a rocky road littered with multiple definitions, indicators, stakeholders and principles [2–8]. No serious attempt has been made to systematically examine what they mean in relation to each other and to the overall goal of sustainability in tourism development and management, even though sustainability and “community” well-being are integral to both ST and CBT and offer common grounds for reconciliation and synthesis of these two complex domains. This paper undertakes a critical analysis of the relationship between ST and CBT, the principles and concepts that guide these approaches, their origin in institutional, historical and spatio-temporal basis and similarities and differences between the two approaches. The in-depth literature review shows steady progress being made in managing environmental, social and economic impacts, but clear directions for good governance, justice and ethics tend to be lagging in both the ST and CBT discourses. It is argued here that an integrated approach is needed to advance research and management practice past the current arrays of confusions and continued isolation between these two critical areas of tourism research. Such an integrated approach could help to better address management issues related to decision making and control over the fair distribution, use and conservation of resources and to achieve the desired goals of sustainable, community-based tourism that are claimed by both ST and CBT. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine and offer directions forward for an integrated approach to “sustainable community-based tourism”. A comprehensive analysis of the relevant literature in tourism studies reveals that the rich knowledge domains of sustainable tourism and community-based tourism have been evolving primarily along parallel pathways in tourism. The paper traces some key developments and offers a framework to bridge these disparate discourses and to ensure that sustainability in tourism development and management is indeed grounded in community as a key principle (see the section on community-based tourism below for the meaning of “community”). The following research questions guide the study undertaken here: (1) What is the relationship between ST and CBT? ‚ What principles and criteria guide these concepts as discussed in the tourism literature? ‚ How did they arise (institutionally, historically, spatio-temporally) and why? ‚ What are the similarities and differences between the two approaches? (2) Is there a need to reconcile these two approaches or are they mutually exclusive? ‚ If integration is merited, what are the key principles or criteria that ought to guide such a reconciliation? ‚ Following from the above, what would an integrated framework of sustainable community-based tourism (SCBT) look like? The paper is organized as follows. The Approach and Method Section below describes how the systematic examination of the research literature in ST and CBT was undertaken. An overview of the historic evolution of these two areas is presented in the next two sections. While some of this material is present in some form in the tourism literature, the context summarized here is important in order to understand the critique presented later in the paper. The subsequent section takes a closer look at some of the similarities and differences between ST and CBT and identifies a number of critical issues that are lagging in attention, yet are crucial in terms of sustainable development and management of tourism-related resources. A preliminary framework of “sustainable community-based tourism” (SCBT) is proposed. Critical directions forward are then offered to address a number of compelling issues that continue to hinder research and practice.