دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مسیریابی ادهاک (Ad-hoc) متحرک هندسی بهینه تقریبی به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | مسیریابی ادهاک (Ad-hoc) متحرک هندسی بهینه تقریبی |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Asymptotically Optimal Geometric Mobile Ad-Hoc Routing |
رشته های مرتبط: | مهندسی کامپیوتر، مهندسی فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، مهندسی الگوریتم ها و محاسبات، فناوری اطلاعات، شبکه های کامپیوتری و مخابرات سیار |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: ABSTRACT In this paper we present AFR, a new geometric mobile adhoc routing algorithm. The algorithm is completely distributed; nodes need to communicate only with direct neighbors in their transmission range. We show that if a best route has cost c, AFR finds a route and terminates with cost O(c 2 ) in the worst case. AFR is the first algorithm with cost bounded by a function of the optimal route. We also give a tight lower bound by showing that any geometric routing algorithm has worst-case cost Ω(c 2 ). Thus AFR is asymptotically optimal. We give a non-geometric algorithm that also matches the lower bound, but needs some memory at each node. This establishes an intriguing trade-off between geometry and memory. Categories and Subject Descriptors F.2.2 [Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity]: Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems—geometrical problems and computations, routing and layout; C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Protocols—routing protocols General Terms Algorithms, Theory Keywords Ad-Hoc Networks, Face Routing, Geometric Routing, Routing, Unit Disk Graphs, Wireless Communication ∗The work presented in this paper was supported (in part) by the National Competence Center in Research on Mobile Information and Communication Systems (NCCR-MICS), a center supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number 5005-67322. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Dial-M’02, September 28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-587-4/02/0009 …$5.00. 1. INTRODUCTION A mobile ad-hoc network consists of mobile nodes equipped with a wireless radio. We think of mobile nodes as points in the Euclidean plane. Two nodes can directly communicate with each other if and only if they are within transmission range of each other. Throughout this paper we assume that all nodes have the same transmission range R 1 . Two nodes with distance greater than R can communicate by relaying their messages through a series of intermediate nodes; this process is called multi-hop routing. In this paper we study so-called geometric routing; in networks that support geometric routing a) each node is equipped with a location service, i.e. each node knows its Euclidean coordinates, b) each node knows all the neighbor nodes (nodes within transmission range R) and their coordinates, and c) the sender of a message knows the coordinates of the destination. In addition to the standard assumptions a), b) and c), we take for granted that mobile nodes are not arbitrarily close to each other, i.e. d) there is a positive constant d0 such that the distance between any pair of nodes is at least d0. This is motivated by the fact that there are physical limitations on how close to each other two mobile nodes can be placed. Further, distances between neighboring nodes in an ad-hoc network will typically be in the order of the transmission range.2 In this paper we present a new geometric routing algorithm which borrows from the eminent Face Routing algorithm by Kranakis, Singh, and Urrutia [14]. As it is the tradition in the community, we give our algorithm a name: AFR which stands for Adaptive Face Routing3 . Our algorithm is completely local; nodes only exchange messages with their direct neighbors, i.e. nodes in their transmission range R. We show that if a best route has cost c, our algorithm finds a route and terminates with cost O(c 2 ) in the worst case. This bound holds for many prominent cost models such as distance, energy, or the link metric. Note that the distance of the best route (the sum of the distances of the single hops) can be arbitrarily larger than the Euclidean distance of source and destination. Our algorithm is the first algorithm that is bounded by a function of the optimal route; the original Face Routing algorithm and all other geo- 1 In the technical part of the paper we simplify the presentation by scaling the coordinates of the system such that R = 1. 2Meanwhile, we have achieved similar results without assumption d) in [15]. 3 Is it a coincidence that AFR also reflects our first names? metric routing algorithms are only bounded by a function of the number of nodes. Moreover we show that any geometric routing algorithm has cost Ω(c 2 ). This tight lower bound proves that our algorithm is asymptotically optimal4 . The lower bound also holds for randomized algorithms. Apart from the theoretical relevance of our results, we feel that our algorithm has practical potential, especially as a fall-back mechanism for greedy geometric routing algorithms (which are efficient in an average case). It is surprising that the cost of geometric routing algorithms is quadratic in the cost of the best route. We show that this bound can also be achieved by a simple non-geometric routing algorithm. In exchange for the missing location service we give the algorithm some extra memory at each node. We show that this algorithm also has cost O(c 2 ), which, contrary to intuition, proves that in the worst case a GPS is about as useful as some extra bits of memory. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we discuss the related work. In Section 3 we formally model mobile ad-hoc networks and geometric routing algorithms. In Section 4 we present and analyze our geometric routing algorithm AFR. We give a matching lower bound in Section 5. Section 6 concludes and discusses the paper. |
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