دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی راهبرد زیست محیطی و هم ترازی در یک اقتصاد گذار محدود:تحقیقات تجربی بر روی کاربرد آن در شرکت های دولتی ایران به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله | راهبرد زیست محیطی و هم ترازی در یک اقتصاد گذار محدود: تحقیقات تجربی بر روی کاربرد آن در شرکت های دولتی ایران |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | Environment-Strategy and Alignment in a Restricted, Transitional Economy: Empirical Research on its Application to Iranian State-Owned Enterprises |
رشته های مرتبط | مدیریت، مدیریت سازمان های دولتی، مدیریت دولتی، نوآوری تکنولوژی، مدیریت عملکرد و مدیریت کسب و کار |
فرمت مقالات رایگان |
مقالات انگلیسی و ترجمه های فارسی رایگان با فرمت PDF آماده دانلود رایگان میباشند همچنین ترجمه مقاله با فرمت ورد نیز قابل خریداری و دانلود میباشد |
کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مجله | برنامه ریزی طولانی مدت – Long Range Planning |
سال انتشار | 2016 |
کد محصول | F869 |
مقاله انگلیسی رایگان (PDF) |
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی |
ترجمه فارسی رایگان (PDF) |
دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله |
خرید ترجمه با فرمت ورد |
خرید ترجمه مقاله با فرمت ورد |
جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات مدیریت |
فهرست مقاله: مقدمه |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: مقدمه پیش زمینه:شرکت های دولتی و ایران |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Introduction A transition economy is one that is changing from a state-controlled business environment towards a less-restricted market, and a greater need for entrepreneurship and innovation to survive global competition (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2010, 531). In the last two decades, countries in transition have sought to embrace market capitalism and abandon centralized planning. Despite successful transition cases, such as China, Vietnam, Russia and India (Guo, 2004), it appears that transitional economies in restricted markets can face severe short-term difficulties as well as constraints in business development. For example, they are more likely to experience challenges such as rising unemployment and price inflation, all of which impact upon company performance. However, a nation’s culture may influence its business systems and performance, “a country institutional profile can serve as a viable alternative for exploring broad country differences” (Busenitz et al., 2000, 1000), and there are inherent national characteristics that may impact upon government policy as well as business practice (Hofstede, 2007). In this respect, organizations are defined as “regulative, normative, and cognitive structures with activities that provide stability and meaning to social behavior” (Scott, 1995, 33). These three distinctive but related institutional profiles, or regulatory, cognitive and normative dimensions, can influence government policy as well as the company business environment (Peng, 2003). A regulatory dimension is based on formal rule systems, laws, regulations, government policies and enforcement mechanisms endorsed by the state (Busenitz et al., 2000; North, 1994). This regulatory dimension focuses on government policies and programs that provide advice and support for new businesses, offering grants and assistance to reduce the risks for startups, and leverage to facilitate entrepreneurs’ efforts to acquire resources. On the other hand, a cognitive dimension is based on the widely shared social knowledge and skills possessed by the people in a country, as they strive to set up a new business and maintain those already established. The third normative dimension puts more emphasis on entrepreneurial activity, and value creative and innovative thinking (Busenitz et al., 2000). In other words, organizations in transitional economies are likely to have a distinctive, regulatory business environment to deal with as well as the normative and cognitive dimensions that reflect any inherent national characteristics towards entrepreneurship, learning and innovation (Hofstede, 2007). Moreover, in transitional economies, innovation and learning orientation transformation may become critical factors, since the old state-owned industries (SOEs) must move to become competitive in a new, global market economy (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2010). However, most of our knowledge about SOEs originates from research conducted in emerging economies such as China, where organizations have adapted to meet the demands of a global business environment (Ren et al., 2006; Tan and Tan, 2005; Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2010). In fact, SOEs dominate Chinese economy and, combined with other companies and government units in a closed system, they generate more than 80% of the country’s gross national product GDP (Bao et al., 2006). But, unlike SOEs in China, where the market environment mimics the competitiveness of Western economies, supported by foreign direct investment (Lin and Germain, 2003; Souitaris, 2001), the situation is very different for Iran, since despite recent government reforms, these companies still face UN economic sanctions. Although protected by the government, their isolation from environmental turbulence and global market competition severely restricts operations and performance in the long-term, if they are unable to trade outside the country. Furthermore, the managers of Iranian companies are selected by the state, often because they have a high social status rather than experience running organizations, so they may be ill-prepared to develop an appropriate strategy for innovation and learning as the business environment changes. In this respect, Iranian business appears to differ from that in the world’s largest transitional economies, such as China, Russia and India, where companies have a relatively stable internal market-based economic environment that serves as a platform for trade in the global marketplace (Peng, 2003; Zhou et al., 2005). In this context, it is important to examine the strategic orientation of these companies, since this reflects how they respond to internal and external environmental factors, in terms of innovation, learning and performance (Gatignon and Xuereb, 1997; Tajeddini, 2011a; Zhou et al., 2005). Background: state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and Iran Iran plays a central role in the politics of the Middle East and is influential in the Muslim world (Crane et al., 2008). It is not an Arab state, yet is often perceived as such because of its location in the Middle East (Jalilvand and Samiei, 2012). Iran’s leadership has been associated with the Islamic Revolution and supporting Muslim ideals. In 1980, the new revolutionary government nationalized major companies in Iran, acquiring ownership of banks, insurance companies, dams and irrigation works, large-scale manufacturers, radio and television stations, communications and transport companies, as well as a mixture of companies in other sectors (Alizadeh, 2003; Crane et al., 2008). Nationalization has given the state a large economic role as owner and manager of Iran’s SOEs, which account for 70 percent of industry (including the oil and gas sector), and are the single largest employers after the government (Crane et al., 2008). Moreover, Iran may suffer from a “curse of natural resources”, since the literature on economic development reveals that countries rich in natural resources such as oil and gas tend to have slower economic growth than resource-poor countries, possibly because there may be less incentive to innovate and learn (Bjorvatn and Selvik, 2008; Sachs and Warner, 2001). In fact, although Iran is a leading exporter of oil, with the third-largest reserves in the world (Crane et al., 2008), it reflects a tendency for countries with weak government-controlled institutions and the dominance of large SOEs to have negative economic growth (Mehlum et al., 2006). In contrast, a culture of market-friendly companies that foster entrepreneurship usually leads towards economic growth and development (Peng et al., 2010). In this respect, Mostashari (2004) observes that state-owned enterprises in Iran suffer from government inefficiency in operating industries and service sectors, due to the adverse political interactions with global markets and a lack of operational strategy and transparency. Moreover, SOEs are large and complex organizations with mechanistic structures within a socialist economic system, and an important source for government revenues (Peng et al., 2004; Ren et al., 2006). Thus, it is not surprising that similar to other emerging transitional economies, a critical strategy of the reform in Iran is to move from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to alternative ownership schemes, such as stock enterprises, joint ventures, privately owned firms, and so forth. |