دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی سهم مدیران زن در نوآوری سازمانی: یک رویکرد رفتاری به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله | سهم مدیران زن در نوآوری سازمانی: یک رویکرد رفتاری |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | Women directors contribution to organizational innovation: A behavioral approach |
رشته های مرتبط | مدیریت، مدیریت عملکرد و مدیریت اجرایی |
کلمات کلیدی | مدیران زن، فرآیندهای هیئت مدیره، نوآوری سازمانی، فرهنگ تصمیم گیری، تعارض شناختی، آماده سازی و مشارکت |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
مجله | مجله مدیریت اسکاندیناوی – Scandinavian Journal of Management |
سال انتشار | 2018 |
کد محصول | F646 |
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فهرست مقاله: چکیده ۱. مقدمه ۲. چارچوب نظری و تدوین فرضیات ۲.۱. دیدگاه نظریه رفتاری ۲.۲. رابطه بین تنوع جنسیتی و نوآوری سازمانی ۲.۳. نقش میانجی فرآیندهای هیات مدیره ۳. روش ها ۲.۱. جمع آوری داده ها و نمونه ۳.۲. متغیرها و اندازه گیری ۳.۲.۱. متغیر وابسته: نوآوری سازمانی ۳.۲.۲. متغیر مستقل: نسبت مدیران زن ۳.۲.۳. میانجی ها: تعارض شناختی، آماده سازی و مشارکت ۳.۲.۴. متغیرهای کنترل ۳.۳. تحلیل ها ۴. نتایج ۵. بحث و نتیجه گیری |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: ۱. مقدمه |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction Board diversity is one of the most researched topics in the board of directors literature. Gender diversity, in particular, has largely attracted researchers’ attention, and the direct link between gender diversity and firm performance has been investigated. Reviewing the literature, two different views can be observed about the current situation in gender diversity research. One view emphasizes the need to focus on other types of diversity, which, in a way, is implicitly stating that research on gender diversity might be reaching its maturity (e.g., Hillman, 2015). The other view, indicating the mixed results of gender diversity-firm performance research, calls for more research on the variables that moderate and mediate the relationship between gender diversity and firm performance (e.g., Eagly, 2016; Post & Byron, 2015). We follow the latter view for two main reasons: First, gender diversity continues to increase in boardrooms worldwide, and especially in continental Europe, it is clear that the increasing number of women on boards is a target specified in policy makers’ agendas (e.g., quota laws in Italy, Spain, Iceland, France, and Germany, and EU 2020 Targets). Second, relatedly, research has yet to better explain how women directors might be affecting competent board work (Huse & Solberg, 2006; Post & Byron, 2015) and, consequently, firm level outcomes (Finkelstein, Hambrick, & Cannella, 2009; Johnson, Schnatterly, Hill, 2013). Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that the effect that gender diversity may have on board tasks and on strategic decisions is complex due to the factors surrounding the effects of gender diversity (Eagly, 2016). For example, a number of studies, applying a social categorization perspective, have indicated that women directors’ contribution to board tasks may be limited due to the social barriers (e.g., tokenism, out-group categorization, and unequal membership) they face in boardrooms (e.g., Nielsen et al., 2010; Torchia, Calabrò, & Huse, 2011). Others have shown that women directors’ impact on strategic decisions may be contingent on turbulent events or individual power. Some studies have even suggested that women directors (minorities) may have a detrimental influence on board decisions by triggering cognitive biases, such as information processing and decision-making biases (e.g., Kanadlı, Torchia, & Gabaldon, 2017). From this perspective, while previous studies emphasize the fact that gender diversity may have limited or even negative consequences on board task performance or board decision making, interestingly, the question of how these unfavorable effects may be reduced or avoided has remained unclear. Thus, more research is needed on gender diversity specifically to generate solutions to the obstacles that limit women directors’ potential. Examining the mediating role of board processes may provide a better understanding of how the complex effects of gender diversity may arise and (Post & Byron, 2015), therefore, shed light on the way to generate solutions in the literature. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of gender diversity on organizational innovation by considering the mediating effect of board processes, namely, cognitive conflict and preparation and involvement. We use the behavioral theory of the firm (Cyert, March, & Clarkson, 1963), which is acknowledged as a main perspective for understanding organizational behavior and decision making (Argote & Greve, 2007; Van Ees, Gabrielsson, & Huse, 2009). We focus on two core board processes: a) cognitive conflict and b) preparation and involvement (Forbes & Milliken, 1999). We focus on these concepts because, in the behavioral approach, internal processes are seen as key factors in coping with cognitive biases and, hence, provide a better understanding of decision making (Argote & Greve, 2007) and because they are closely linked to board decision making (Nielsen & Huse, 2010). According to the behavioral theory perspective, decision makers generate solutions that are “good enough” rather than optimum (satisfying behavior), as the decision makers are limited in their ability to process information and solve complex decision problems (bounded rationality). This results in the routinization of decision making (routinization) and, thus, leads to information processing and decisionmaking biases during decision making. To avoid or reduce such biases, conflict can be vital and may be inevitable in decision-making groups. According to the behavioral perspective, a firm is seen as a coalition of stakeholders or actors (Cyert et al., 1963), and boards are representatives of those actors who may have conflicting goals (Van Ees et al., 2009). Therefore, a behavioral lens suggests that the more comprehensive the information is that is available and evaluated during the decision-making process, the more innovative a group’s decision will be (Cyert et al., 1963). We argue that due to the different human capital (knowledge, experience, and perspectives) (Hillman, Canella, & Harris, 2002), values and views (Eagly, 2005) that women bring compared to their male counterparts, women directors on boards will positively impact cognitive conflict. Moreover, the minimum acceptable effort level for “directors doing their homework” will be leveraged by women directors’ preparation for and involvement in board discussions. In turn, such processes will result in innovative ideas (Amason, 1996; Hillman et al., 2002; Rindova, 1999), which enhance innovation. This study builds on previous studies in several ways. First, it makes a theoretical contribution to board diversity research, applying the behavioral theory of the firm as a novel approach. As proposed by the behavioral perspective, we show that board processes are the key to generating decision outcomes with better creativity. This study also makes a theoretical contribution to gender diversity research by pointing out the importance of enabling women directors’ active participation in boardroom interactions. One solution to coping with obstacles that limit women directors’ contributions to competent board work and innovation might be to create a boardroom environment or to demonstrate a certain leadership efficacy (Gabrielsson, Huse, & Minichilli, 2007; Machold, Huse, Minichilli, & Nordqvist, 2011) that facilitates open constructive interactions in the boardrooms. In reality, with an increasing number of women joining boards, the practical implications of this study are of high relevance, as it improves the understanding of the maximization of outcomes from gender diversity on boards. Moreover, our results may explain why not all gender diverse boards may be equally innovative. It may be unrealistic to assume that once the number of women on boards is increased, boards will benefit from the women’s talent. Research has provided evidence that this might be difficult to achieve. Examining the effects of women on board processes may shed light on practices and policies to create regulations or best practices to complement the phenomenon of the increasing number of women directors on boards. Our findings draw practitioners’ and policy makers’ attention to two pitfalls: the quality of newly appointed women directors and the number of board appointments they have. The paper is organized as follows: In the next section, the main theoretical arguments are addressed, and the relationships among women directors, decision-making culture and firm innovation are highlighted. Moreover, the research model is presented, and the hypotheses are formulated. In section three, our methods are described. The results are presented in section four. A discussion and final remarks are presented in the last sections. |