دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مسير پروتوزوم يوبيكوتين گياهي و نقش آن در علامت دهي ژيبرلين به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | مسير پروتوزوم يوبيكوتين گياهي و نقش آن در علامت دهي ژيبرلين |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Plant ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and its role in gibberellin signaling |
رشته های مرتبط: | زیست شناسی، علوم گیاهی، علوم سلولی و مولکولی و میکروبیولوژی |
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نشریه | Nature |
کد محصول | f274 |
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جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات زیست شناسی |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: چكيده |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in plants, like in other eukaryotes, targets numerous intracellular regulators and thus modulates almost every aspect of growth and development. The well-known and best-characterized outcome of ubiquitination is mediating target protein degradation via the 26S proteasome, which represents the major selective protein degradation pathway conserved among eukaryotes. In this review, we will discuss the molecular composition, regulation and function of plant UPS, with a major focus on how DELLA protein degradation acts as a key in gibberellin signal transduction and its implication in the regulation of plant growth. Keywords: ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS); protein degradation; gibberellin signaling; DELLA protein The ubiquitin and 26S proteasome pathway Ubiquitin is a conserved 76-amino acid protein that is conjugated to lysine residues within target proteins and itself via the ubiquitination pathway [1, 2]. The ubiquitination pathway is complex and the entire process is under tight regulations from other cellular signaling events. The early step of ubiquitination is carried out through the actions of three enzymes: E1 (the ubiquitin activating enzyme), E2 (the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme) and E3 (the ubiquitin ligase). The E1 hydrolyzes ATP to form a thioester bond with the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and transfers the activated ubiquitin to a cysteinyl residue of the E2 enzyme. The E2-ubiquitin can either bind with E3 to directly transfer ubiquitin to substrate protein, or in the case of HECT (homology to E6-AP C terminus) E3s, conjugate the ubiquitin to E3 to form an E3- ubiquitin intermediate, and then transfer the ubiquitin to substrate proteins. In both cases, it is the E3 that dictates the substrate specificity of the ubiquitination process and makes the ubiquitin system a major selective degradation pathway conserved in eukaryotes [3-5]. The ubiquitination process can repeat several times to attach new ubiquitin molecule to the lysine residue of a former ubiquitin, which has already been conjugated to the substrate protein. These reiterated processes lead to the modification of the substrate protein by a ubiquitin chain (referred to as polyubiquitination), which is essential for the 26S proteasome recognition, and leads to the subsequent degradation of the polyubiquitinated substrate [2]. The polyubiquitin chain can be disassembled by the activity of DUB (deubiquitinating enzyme) to release ubiquitin moieties that are reused in the next ubiquitination cycle (Figure 1) [6]. The 26S proteasome is a 2.5-MDa ATP-dependent protease complex that consists of a cylindrical 20S core particle (CP), capped on each end by a 19S regulatory particle (RP) (Figure 2) [7]. The 20S CP consists of a stack of two outer α-subunit rings and two proteolytic β-subunit rings to hold the protease activity within the internal chamber. The opening to the CP chamber is sufficiently narrow to make sure only unfolded proteins can enter the chamber and access the active proteolytic sites [8]. The 19S RP can be further divided into two components, lid and base (Figure 2), and protein components of RP regulate many activities related with proteasomedependent degradation, including recognition of ubiquitinated substrates [9, 10], removing and recycling the ubiquitin moieties [11, 12], unfolding and transporting the target protein into the central chamber of CP [13, 14]. Previous studies show that some of the 19S RP components have substrate-specific functions in plants. For example, the deficiency of RPN10, a base subunit serving as a ubiquitin receptor, impairs ABA singling by stabilization of the transcription factor ABI5 [15]. Genomic analysis revealed that more than 6% of the Arabidopsis genome (over 1 600 loci) encodes core components of the (UPS) [8]. For example, Arabidopsis has two E1s, at least 37 E2s and more than 1 400 potential E3s. Since a large number of E3s exist in plant proteome, it is not surprising to find that most of them are plantspecific enzymes without obvious counterparts in yeast and mammalian cells. The diversity of E3s also suggests that protein degradation control in plants is a vital process to regulate growth and development [16]. |