دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی بحران محل سکونت انعطاف پذیر شهری به همراه ترجمه فارسی
| عنوان فارسی مقاله: | بحران سکونتگاه های انعطاف پذیر شهری |
| عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | DISASTER RESILIENT URBAN SETTLEMENTS |
| رشته های مرتبط: | مدیریت، مدیریت بحران، معماری، شهرسازی، مدیریت شهری و طراحی شهری |
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| کد محصول | F83 |
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بخشی از ترجمه فارسی: 1-مقدمه |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. INTRODUCTON 1.1. Hypothesis and Research Questions Recently, natural disasters with devastating effects on human settlements have proliferated. In light of this fact, this study aims at searching for the possibility of designing a disaster resilience model for urban settlements. Since urban settlements are habitats of human beings where are densely populated and constructed (infrastructure and buildings), they have high natural disaster risks. Unless the new planning strategies integrated with disaster mitigation approaches are not applied into the urbanization process, urban settlements unfortunately will still have high natural disaster risks. There are some main principles, policies, strategies, and standards to guide disaster prone urban settlements to mitigate disasters. In sum, the following hypothesis is the main determinant of the scope of this study: HYPOTHESIS: As urban settlements are particularly vulnerable to various types of disasters, new strategies and concepts are needed to enhance disaster resilience of urban settlements. To clarify the above hypothesis, two issues, namely urban settlements and disaster resilience need to be explained shortly. The further explanations about urban settlements and disaster resilience are also available in the following parts and chapters (see also “1.2.Definitions and Concepts” & “4.1.Analysis of Existing Risks in urban Settlements”). The reasons of remarkable disaster vulnerability of urban settlements are (i) high population, (ii) dense construction in terms of super- and infra-structure, (iii) degradation of environmental quality due to their overpopulation and dense construction, (iv) economically and technologically high investments. Thus, urban settlements need to be disaster resilient which implies elasticity and flexibility in coping with the particular challenges of the various natural disasters(Vale, L. J., Campanella, T. J.; 2005). To serve this hypothesis, the main objectives are synthesizing data from international studies such as project reports from the UN, World Bank, and EU as well as best country examples; determining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for urban settlements prone to disasters; transferring lessons learned from the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey; structuring guidelines; and testing the proposed guidebook. The method towards such a disaster-resilience model consists of a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part consists of literature reviews, desktop researches, institutional visits and documents, and project evaluations and lessons learned from various countries and international projects. The empirical part consists of a comparative case study on earthquakes. Although the scope of the study covers all types of natural disasters, it won’t be practical to test the disaster-resilience model for each natural disaster case. Based on field experience of the author, earthquakes are chosen as a topic of comparative case study. Yalova as a Turkish city located on the south-eastern coastal part of the Marmara Sea (see also fig. 9) and Cologne as a Germany city lies on the River Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia (see also fig. 10) are selected for the comparative earthquake case study. While Yalova experienced a high intensity earthquake in 1999, Cologne has not yet experienced a devastating earthquake despite of its high seismic risk. This difference creates an opportunity to test the proposed disaster-resilience model which is designed based on lessons learned from the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. The empirical part of the study also constitutes with additional relevant examples from personal experience in the Turkish Government in the field of urban planning and disaster mitigation, tests of the proposed model, and reflections of criticism received from international and scientific platforms. In order to fulfill both theoretical and practical studies, the following research questions provide guidance: RESEARCH QUESTIONS I. How can disaster risks for urban settlements be defined and categorized? II. What types of improvement should be proposed to develop disaster resilience of urban settlements (development of a resilience policy, a mitigation plan, an effective controlling process on construction and infrastructure quality, a comprehensive legislation, public awareness…)? III. How can general rules be formulated in light of different local conditions for disaster resilient urban settlements? IV. Is it possible to derive some principles, guidelines, strategies and standards from a review of international best practices? V. Is it possible to test those principles, guidelines, strategies and standards in a (comparative) case study? 1.2. Definitions and Concepts Definitions and concepts are important issues because there is not (yet) existing commonly shared established disaster terminology. In this study, since the main concept is resilience, the terminology on disaster, damage, hazard, loss, risk, resilience, recovery, mitigation is studied intensively. The concepts used in this study are more physical than social. Thus the concepts like damage, loss, hazard, risk, resilience, etc. denote physical dimension of settlements. On the other hand, natural disasters, especially earthquakes are the core of the study. That’s why a few concepts such as adaptation and coping capacity are defined according to the natural disaster features. In order to define the principal terms, a literature survey was carried out. The terminology of the UN, JICA, FEMA, EU, and Turkish literature (including scientific publications and the documents and files of the Ministry of Public Works & Settlement) were scanned. The report prepared by experts of the ARMONIA (=Applied Multi Risk Mapping of Natural Hazards for Impact Assessment) Project funded by the European Community was also be taken into account in proposing a disaster terminology. Some key definitions related to the study are set out in the Annex III (see also Annex III). However the term “disaster resilience” is analyzed more than other terms due to its significance with respect to the topic of the study. The concept of disaster resilience has been developed in the 21st century, in lieu of the previous concept of disaster resistance. Unlike the concept of disaster resistance, the concept of disaster resilience emphasizes elasticity and flexibility in coping with the particular challenges of the various natural disasters (Vale, L. J., Campanella, T. J.; 2005). Especially, with regard to the uncertainty of natural disasters, the term of resilience can provide a better guidance to produce effective disaster mitigation approaches in urban settlements. The disaster resilience concept is defined in terms of the adaptation capacity of a settlement system (built up and non-built up environment as well as community of life) potentially exposed to natural hazards with a view to maintaining or restoring an acceptable level of functioning and structure (Greiving et al.,2006). As already mentioned, this study focuses on physical resilience of urban settlements in the case of disasters. |