دانلود رایگان ترجمه مقاله رابطه بین اختلالات خلقی دانش آموزان متوسطه و شرمساری (2014)

رابطه بین اختلالات خلقی دانش آموزان متوسطه و شرمساری

The relationship between secondary school students’ posture disorders and shyness

Abstract

In this study, it is investigated the relationship between posture disorders and shyness in middle school students. Movement is an essential element of life which is important in maintaining the physiological and psychological functions. Good posture and body position plays a vital role in mental and physical health. The statistical group composed of 17974 male students in middle school of Ardebil city, among which 378 students were selected as a sample group to participate in our research. Selecting the experimental group was first done by making a list of middle schools of Ardebil city, then 14 schools were randomly selected and according to the population of each school, the experimental group was randomly selected in order. This study is an analytical descriptive one and the results indicate the abnormality of upper-and lower- skeleton of students. The students filled out a questionnaire including general information, they their general specifications were registered including age, weight and height. Then their photos were taken in three ways of anterior, lateral and posterior standing, computer software was used to analyze the posture of students (Ergo Therapy). In the study a questionnaire of 44 items were used, including 5 scales of Likert rating scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often, and always). After gathering required information, the resulted data was analyzed by descriptive static. The normality distribution of data was performed by K-S test (Kolmogrov-Smirnof test) and the mean values, standard deviation and frequency percent were obtained through descriptive statistical methods, then the differences were resulted through deductive statistics including Chi-square 2 x and ANOVA method by SPSS 20/win software. The experimental group was shown that has at least a body abnormality of 96.3%. Prevalence of abnormality was 64.6% drooping shoulders 51.3% Kyopsis and the lowest abnormality prevalence was 1.3% a flat upper back (non-curved) 1.1% extension feet. The highest shyness frequency percent was in 97.25% extension feet and the lowest shyness frequency percent was in 63.8% genu flexum. There is a significant correlation between shyness and skeletal abnormality prevalence. The mean value of students’ shyness with skeletal abnormalities is higher than that of students who lack any skeletal abnormality. The results of this study indicate that the mean value of shyness in students with the trunk abnormality is 81.18%. Also the mean value of shyness in students with upper and lower skeletal abnormalities is higher than other students.

1 Introduction

Although, toady’s machinery life has brought about notable industrial and technological advances and well-being for human beings and provides them with valuable services, it is followed by various disadvantages. The most fundamental disadvantage is the replacement of machine as a muscular power which underlies lack of movement and fatness. Besides these factors, the false pattern of sitting, standing, walking and carrying objects, wearing improper dressing and clothes, disease, inheritance, job positions, culture and anthropometry may reduce growth rate and make disorders in growth. Disorder and weakness in growth may followed by posture disorders and one may miss his optimum body posture. These weaknesses weaken automatically the other organs of body such as blood circulation and respiratory systems. Nowadays, in developed countries comprehensive and precise programs have been designed in order to define people the good physical posture, so that authorities of industrials and manufactures of required things such as table, chair, sofa, clothes, etc. consider observing scientific standards around physical posture as their absolute priority. This is as an importance of human’s physical posture. The quality of body posture in an unconscious action and childhood and teens obtained body posture remains nearly unchanged in the other words, since these children are growing up and their epiphyses are soft and flexible and physical activities and sport can correct and form the disorders and abnormalities of their body, so it is highly important to know the students’ body posture and provide them with physical activities to strengthen their body and remove any possible physical abnormalities during the sensitive period of growing, because if such disorders are not prevented and corrected, some secondary disorders will be generated in other parts of the body. Hence, knowing and studying common reasons and factors of abnormalities and disorders of students seem an inevitable necessity.

Many studies have shown that early knowing spine disorders (scoliosis, kyphosis, hyperlordosis, shoulder asymmetry, pelvic obliquity) which are prevalence in childhood, may prevent their advancing and appearing serious transformations (Dickson.RA, 1895; Dvonch V.M, et al., 1990; Ferris.B, , et al., 1988; Hansen.TB, 1994;Lehner.JT, 1990).

In a screening plan of schools which is done on 316.000 students in Delaware of U.S.A from 1962 to 1975, it was shown that prevalence of scoliosis was 0.19% which was significantly less than results of Dr.Schandes and other related studies in northern American. Another study conducted on 14.900 children in Montreal, Canada showed 1.6% prevalence of higher than 10 degrees. A similar study conducted in Scotland showed 1.3 per thousand in children younger than 8 years-old and 1.7 per thousand in children older than 8 years-old. In early 1970s, Lancetin performed a great screening program on 1.5 million people in Minnesota, and finally evaluated scoliosis prevalence as 1.1% (Dvonch V.M, et al., 1990; Yawn.BP, et al., 2000). Statistical results of some countries are: Japan: 1.92%; Greek: 2.7%; Southern Africa: 1.66%; Sweden: 1.9%; Finland: 4.1% Denmark: 14.3% (Goldberg.J, 1995; Grossman.TW, et al., 1995; Sugita.K, 2000; Willner.S, et al., 1982). In a study conducted on 4.975 eleven-years-old children (2.588 boys; 2.387 girls) in Netherlands in 1992 showed a strong disorder prevalence of girls as 10.6% and 7.1% for boys (Hazebroek- Kampschreur.AA, et al., 1992). Limited studies showed the scoliosis prevalence for 15-years-old girls as 4 per thousand and 1 per thousand for 9-years-old girls and 9 per thousand for 11-15 years-old boys (EbrahimAstaneh.M, 1997; NazmAra.Sh, 1993).