دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی + خرید ترجمه فارسی | |
عنوان فارسی مقاله: |
مروری بر فرآورده های غذایی اصلاح شده ژنتیکی: مزایا، خطرات، ایمنی سلامت و قوانین مربوطه |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: |
An overview of genetically modified food products: Benefits, risks, health safety and related regulations |
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مشخصات مقاله انگلیسی (PDF) | |
سال انتشار | 2013 |
تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی | 4 صفحه با فرمت pdf |
رشته های مرتبط با این مقاله | صنایع غذایی و بیوتکنولوژی |
گرایش های مرتبط با این مقاله | بیوتکنولوژی میکروبی، کنترل کیفی و بهداشت، علوم مواد غذایی و فناوری مواد غذایی |
چاپ شده در مجله (ژورنال) | مجله تحقیقات بین المللی علوم کاربردی و علوم پایه – International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences |
کلمات کلیدی | ایمنی زیستی، بیوتکنولوژی، سلامت، ارزیابی حقوقی، مدیریت ریسک |
ارائه شده از دانشگاه | گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران |
رفرنس | دارد ✓ |
کد محصول | F946 |
نشریه | Semanticscholar |
مشخصات و وضعیت ترجمه فارسی این مقاله (Word) | |
وضعیت ترجمه | انجام شده و آماده دانلود |
تعداد صفحات ترجمه تایپ شده با فرمت ورد با قابلیت ویرایش | 7 صفحه با فونت 14 B Nazanin |
منابع داخل متن | به صورت فارسی درج شده است ✓ |
کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
فهرست مطالب |
چکیده
مقدمه
خطرات احتمالی محصولات غذایی اصلاح شده ژنتیکی
ارزیابی حقوقی و اخلاقی و مدیریت ریسک خطرات سلامتی بالقوه محصولات اصلاح شده ژنتیکی در سطح بین المللی
مدیریت ایمنی روش های تولید و تحقیق در محصولات اصلاح شده ژنتیکی
وضعیت تصویب و کنترل قوانین محصولات اصلاح شده ژنتیک در ایران
نتیجه گیری
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بخشی از ترجمه |
مقدمه |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی |
INTRODUCTION Increase in the world population has led to increasing need for food products. Meeting this need is a challenge confronted with many developing countries. Many efficient modern technologies have been developed to be used in food industries among which are modification of farming methods, use of modified varieties and modification of preserving methods of agricultural products. In this regard, use of genetically modified varieties through modern agricultural technologies such as biotechnology is a way of obtaining food safety (Falk et al., 2002; Rahnama, 2009). Using biotechnology, researchers can produce genetically modified organisms (yeasts and bacteria) with appropriate characteristics. Important parts of biotechnology in agriculture are based on principles which include incubation of plant cells and tissues, use of recombinant DNA markers as well as genetic engineering. The two later include artificial transfer of genes or gene segments from one organism to another one in order to produce new desirable traits in receiver plant or animal. GM potato and bananas resistant to nematode are some important examples in sustainable agriculture (Garza and Stover, 2003). Benefits, drawbacks and possible risks of GM food products Today, biotechnology is a powerful means of scientific development in the fields of agricultural, pharmaceutical, environmental and food industries. Production of horticultural and farm plants showing high resistance to viruses, funguses, insects, pests and inappropriate environmental conditions such as salinity, frost, draught and heat stress has been possible. Also, GM products can be used for production of industrial and pharmaceutical compounds such as vaccines, antibodies, organic vitamins and amino acids. Further, biotechnology can be efficient in the fields of environment for producing different fuels such as methane, scavenging different pollutants from the environment and finding efficient species for better refinement of sewage and polluted soils (Uzogara, 2000). Potential production of high quality foods in terms of aroma, taste and flavor, higher shelf life and nutritional value has been facilitated with the aid of modern biotechnology; thus it can be regarded as a large step in meeting food safety in developing countries. Modern biotechnology can be used to alleviate malnutrition due to lack of micronutrients as well as to improve health condition of the said communities. For example, since rice is the major food product consumed in many parts of Southeast Asia and annually 250,000 children become blind due to lack of vitamin A in rice, researches have produced rice products containing vitamin A using biotechnology (Paine et al., 2005). Possible risks of GM food products Although GM food products have many benefits, health experts often alarm consumers on possible risks of the foodstuffs. They have many concerns about allergenicity, toxicity and carcinogenesis properties of GM products and believe that sometimes transforming new genetic substances to target cells may not be successful and therefore, the change in performance of different genes can lead to unexpected genetic mutations. In other words, new genes introduced into agricultural products may result in allergenicity through production of new proteins as well as in enhanced toxicity of plants through induction of metabolic changes in plants. Also, there are hypotheses on possibility of allergenicity by proteins produced through biotechnology such as GM proteins of groundnut, wheat, eggs, milk, kernels, fish, Shelli and crawfish for prone individuals (Young and Lewis, 1995; Nordlee et al., 1996; Sten et al., 2002; Selgrade et al., 2003; Celec et al., 2005; Devos et al., 2005; Lehrer and Bannon, 2005). In addition, critics argue that GM crops resistant to different stresses result in the growth of super weeds in spite of crop yield enhancement. Herbicides can be used in order to alleviate this; however, they are harmful to environment since most herbicides and toxins not only destroy natural life cycle of useful insects but also they have undesirable effects on biological diversity by introducing certain traits into GM crops. Moreover, it is said that as a result of farmer’s tendency to plant these new products, planting other products is gradually being omitted from agricultural systems; thus endangering natural cycle of the environment. On the other hand, GM seeds produced by large and powerful multinational companies are designed such that they can be used just for the first planting and this problem has led to strong dependency of farmers on the productive seeds. This injustice in modern agriculture is a threat to sustainable development of the developing countries which import the said seeds. Other disadvantages of productive seeds applications are reduced food safety for women and children and endangered living of farmers in developing countries (Cavan et al., 1998; Richards et al., 2003; Madsen and Sandoo, 2005; Shrader, 2005; Februhartanty et al., 2007). |