دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی شرکت های چند ملیتی و سرریزهای بهره وری: یک فراتحلیل به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله | شرکت های چند ملیتی و سرریزهای بهره وری: یک فراتحلیل |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله | Multinational Companies And Productivity Spillovers: A Meta-Analysis |
رشته های مرتبط | علوم اقتصادی و مدیریت، اقتصاد مالی، اقتصاد پولی، مدیریت بازرگانی و بازرگانی بین الملل |
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کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله متوسط میباشد |
نشریه | JSTOR |
مجله | مجله اقتصادی -The Economic Journal |
سال انتشار | 2001 |
کد محصول | F550 |
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جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات اقتصاد |
فهرست مقاله: 1- توصیف نمونه 2- تحلیل فرا رگرسیون 3- آزمون اریبی انتشار 4- نتیجه گیری |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: افزایش اهمیت شرکت های چند ملیتی (MNC) و سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی برای تولید بین المللی موجب شده است تا توجه زیادی به تاثیر شرکت های چند ملیتی بر روی کشور های میزان صورت گیرد. یکی از رایج ترین عوامل با تاثیر مثبت، حضور هزینه های جانبی فناوری است که می تواند منجر به سر ریز های تولید از شرکت های چند ملیتی در شرکت های داخلی و در کشور میزبان شود. چون شرکت های چند ملیتی از یک بالایی از فناوری استفاده می کند و فناوری یا دانش دارای ویژگی خای خاص برخی از کالا های عمومی است( کیوز 1996، مکرسون 1995)، با این حال زمینه وسیعی برای هزینه های جانبی وجود دارد و شرکت های بومی از سرریز ناشی از شرکت های چند ملیتی ذی نفع می شود. در صورتی که سر ریز های بهره وری وجود داشته باشد، حضور شرکت های چند ملیتی می تواند منجر به افزایش بهره وری در شرکت های داخلی شود و این موجب کارامد تر شدن بیشتر خواهد شد |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: The increasing importance of multinational companies (MNCs) and associated foreign direct investment (FDI) for international production has prompted considerable interest in the effects of MNCs on host countries.1 One of the most frequently referred to positive effect is the presence of technological externalities, which can lead to productivity spillovers from MNCs to domestic Firms in the host country. Since MNCs use a higher level of technology, and technology, or knowledge, has certain characteristics of public goods (Caves, 1996, Markusen, 1995), there is scope for technological externalities and indigenous Firms may benefit through spillovers from MNCs. If there are productivity spillovers, the presence of MNCs leads to productivity increases in domestic Firms , allowing them to become more efficient.2 Such spillovers can occur through three main channels (BlomstroÈm and Kokko, 1998). First, if there are movements of highly skilled staff from MNCs to domestic Firms , these employees may take with them knowledge which may be usefully applied in the domestic Firm. Second, there may be so-called `demonstration effects’ if there are arm’s-length relationships between MNCs and domestic Firms and domestic Firms learn superior production technologies from MNCs. Third, competition from MNCs may force domestic rivals to update production technologies and techniques to become more productive. This is frequently referred to as a `competition effect’. As Aitken and Harrison (1999) point out, however, this competition effect may also reduce productivity in domestic Firms , if MNCs attract away demand from their domestic competitors. Productivity spillovers are difficult to measure, since, as Krugman (1991, p. 53) points out, `knowledge ¯ows … leave no paper trail by which they may be measured and tracked’. The approach adopted in the empirical literature therefore largely avoids the (arguably difficult to answer) question as to how productivity spillovers actually take place, but focuses on the simpler issue of whether the presence of MNCs affects productivity in domestic Firms . This is usually done in the framework of an econometric analysis in which labour productivity or total factor productivity in domestic Firms is regressed on a number of covariates assumed to have an effect on productivity, one of which is the presence of foreign Firms . If the estimate of the coefficient on the foreign presence variable turns out to have a positive and statistically signifi- cant sign, this is taken as evidence that spillovers have taken place from MNCs to domestic Firms . The empirical results on the presence of spillovers are mixed. In the First empirical study of this kind, Caves (1974), using cross-sectional data for Australia, Finds evidence of positive spillovers. His initial approach has been refined and extended subsequently by, for example, Globerman (1979) for Canada, and BlomstroÈm and Persson (1983), BlomstroÈm (1986), BlomstroÈm and Wolff (1994) and Kokko (1994, 1996) using data for Mexico. These studies, all of which use cross-sectional data, also Find statistically significant positive effects of the presence of MNCs on productivity in domestic Firms . Haddad and Harrison (1993) appears to be the first paper which benefits from the availability of Firm level data for several years, and newly developed panel data econometric techniques to analyse productivity spillovers from MNCs in Morocco. Using such highly disaggregated data and the appropriate estimation techniques, they Find evidence for negative spillover effects of multinationals, ie ceteris paribus, the presence of MNCs in Morocco reduces productivity in domestic Firms . Table 1 lists the results of our literature search, described in more detail in section 1, on papers on productivity spillovers from MNCs. It is apparent that, while there have been a number of spillover studies since Caves (1974), recent years have seen a surge of such studies. This re¯ects, on the one hand, the growing interest, not least from policy makers, in the effects of MNCs on host countries in order to justify policy incentives aimed at attracting MNCs. On the other hand, it also bears testimony to the fact that disaggregated data over longer time periods and estimation techniques for the analysis of such data allowing the investigation of this issue have become widely available to researchers. One should note from the table that, since Kokko et al. (1996), all but two studies listed had available Firm level data. Also, the table shows that all but one study using panel data Find statistically significant negative or statistically insignificant effects of MNC presence on domestic productivity, while all but one cross-sectional study Find statistically significant positive effects. This suggests that the availability of longitudinal Firms level data, and the appropriate statistical techniques for analysing them, have had profound effects on the results obtained in spillover studies. Various explanations are put forward in the literature to explain statistically insignificant or negative results. For example, the presence of foreign Firms can reduce productivity of domestic Firms , as pointed out by Aitken and Harrison (1999). Since foreign Firms can frequently be assumed to posses some sort of Firms -specific assets (Caves, 1996) which allow them to use a superior production technology, they have lower marginal cost than a domestic competitor and can attract demand away from domestic Firms . Thus, productivity in domestic Firms falls, at least in the short run, because of competition with MNCs. It is also argued in the literature that positive spillovers only affect a certain group of Firms and aggregate studies may, therefore, underestimate the true significance of such effects. Kokko et al. (1996) Find evidence for productivity spillovers only to domestic Firms with moderate technology gaps vis-aÁ-vis foreign Firms, ie domestic Firms with at least some capability of being able to make use of the spillover effects. They do not Find evidence for spillovers from MNCs to domestic Firms which use considerably lower levels of technology. Aitken and Harrison (1999) Find that productivity in small Venezuelan Firms (with less than 50 employees) has increased following the presence of MNCs, while there does not appear to be a similar effect on large domestic Firms. |