دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مدل های پیش بینی کننده عملکرد لرزه ای دیوارهای خاک مسلح با ژئوسنتتیک به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | مدل های پیش بینی کننده عملکرد لرزه ای دیوارهای خاک مسلح با ژئوسنتتیک |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Predictive modeling on seismic performances of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls |
رشته های مرتبط: | مهندسی عمران، سازه، خاک و پی و زلزله |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
کد محصول | F516 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: 1. Introduction The state-of-practice design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) wall follows the limit equilibrium design approach (e.g., Elias et al., 2001). In the pseudo-static analysis of GRS walls, only the factors of safety against various modes of failure or collapse of the wall could be estimated, and wall deformation could not be estimated directly from the pseudo-static analysis. This is a common deficiency in all of the limit equilibrium analyses. Indirect methods were developed to estimate the horizontal wall movements (or the time-deformation response of the wall system) to accompany the seismic stability analysis. The widely accepted approach is the Newmark sliding block method (Newmark, 1965). In Newmark’s double-integration displacement method applied to retaining wall structure, the total displacement is termed unsymmetrical displacement, since the permanent displacement only accumulates in one direction (outward direction). The calculation of displacement is based on the assumption that the moving mass displaces as a rigid-plastic block with shear resistance mobilized along a potential sliding surface. Permanent displacement of the rigidplastic block is said to have occurred whenever the forces acting on the soil mass (both static and seismic forces) overcomes the available shear resistance along the potential sliding surface. The permanent displacements are assumed to accumulate each time the ground acceleration exceeds the critical acceleration. Cai and Bathurst (1996a) had identified three seismic induced sliding mechanisms in a GRS wall, and they are (1) external sliding along the base of the entire wall structure, (2) internal sliding along a reinforcement layer and through the facing column, and (3) block interface shear between facing column units. The displacements are estimated using the conventional sliding block method, and both horizontal acceleration coefficient kh and vertical coefficient kv are used to calculate dynamic active forces and are assumed to remain constant through out the entire wall structure. The vertical inertial force is assumed to act upward to produce the most critical factors of safety for the horizontal sliding mechanisms. Another sliding block method proposed by Siddharthan et al. (2004) was based on seismic centrifuge test results of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls, where a rigid-plastic multi-block computational method was developed to predict the permanent displacement of MSE wall subjected to seismic loading. The failure mechanism is comprised of three rigid blocks and possesses a bi-linear failure plane; the top two blocks are rectangular, and the bottom block is triangular. Ling et al. (1996), on the other hand, suggested the two-part wedge mechanism, which has been used to determine the reinforcement length based on tieback/compound failure or direct sliding failure of a vertical wall. The two-part wedge mechanism was further considered in determining the seismic induced permanent displacement of a reinforced steep slope by Ling et al. (1997) and Leshchinsky (1997). The displacement evaluation procedure is similar to the base sliding approach proposed by Cai and Bathurst (1996a), in which the reinforced soil zone is treated as a rigid-plastic block. The displacement of the rigid-plastic block is induced when the factor of safety against direct sliding is less than unity. Huang et al. (2003) introduced the ‘multi-wedge method’ (e.g., three-wedge method) to account for the contribution of facing component and the connecting reinforcement force at the facing-backfill interface in evaluating the seismic displacements of GRS walls, where the three-wedge mechanism was considered to be more appropriate for describing the observed failure patterns. The three-wedge method calculates both the horizontal and vertical displacements utilizing the Newmark sliding block theory. Huang et al. (2003) reported that the calculated displacements using the three-wedge method were comparable with the measured values from the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Newmark’s double-integration method in finding the seismic induced permanent displacement requires the ground motion time history to be known. In absence of the ground motion time history, several empirical methods have been developed to predict the seismic induced permanent displacement of earth structures (e.g., Whitman and Liao, 1984; Cai and Bathurst, 1996b; Huang and Wu, 2006; Anderson et al., 2008). Newmark’s sliding block theory has been used as the basis for developing the empirical methods, where the total permanent displacement determined by Newmark’s double-integration method is correlated with input ground motion parameters, such as peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and critical acceleration ratio. The seismic responses of GRS wall can be examined by means of physical model tests or through a numerical modeling study. It is, however, uneconomical and impractical to examine the seismic responses of GRS wall by conducting a series of full-scale physical tests with different types of soils and reinforcements under various seismic loads. Hence, a more economical and practical approach for examining the seismic responses of GRS wall is to conduct a numerical modeling study, in which the numerical tool would need to be validated from physical model tests under well controlled conditions. A review of numerical simulation on seismic performances of GRS structures is provided in Lee et al. (2010). This study was performed to examine the seismic performances of free-standing simple GRS walls with uniform reinforcement spacing and constant reinforcement length under real multidirectional seismic shaking through numerical simulation. The validated numerical tool with proven predictive capability was used to perform a parametric study, where design parameters, such as wall height, wall batter angle, soil friction angle, reinforcement spacing, and reinforcement stiffness, were evaluated. The results of the numerical parametric study were compared with values determined from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) allowable stress design methodology (Elias et al., 2001), and discrepancies between the two were identified. The results of the numerical parametric study provided the data needed to develop seismic performance prediction equations. Prediction equations for wall facing horizontal displacement, wall crest settlement, and reinforcement tensile load were developed based on multivariate regression analysis. The prediction equations can provide first-order estimates of the seismic performances in the preliminary analysis of free-standing simple GRS walls. |