دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی جهتگیری آموزشی ، اهداف و دیگر آرمان ها به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | جهت گیری آموزشی ، اهداف و دیگر آرمان ها |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Educational Aims, Objectives, And Other Aspirations |
رشته های مرتبط: | علوم تربیتی، مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی |
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کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله پایین میباشد |
کد محصول | F6 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Finally, there should grow the most austere of all mental qualities: I mean the sense for style. It is an aesthetic sense, based on admira- tion for the direct attainment of a foreseen end, simply and unthout waste. Style in art, style in literature, style in science, slyle in logic, style in practical execution have fundamentally the same aesthetic qualities, namely, attainment and restraint. The love of a subject in uself and for itself, where it is not the sleepy pleasure of pacing a mental quarterdeck, is the love of style as manifested in that shy ALFRED N. WHITEHEAD No concept is more central to curriculum planning than the concept objectives. The recurrent for its importance is straightforward. I will try to provide it. Behavioral Objectives Objectives are the specific goals that one hopes to achieve thatch the educational program that is provided. In order for educational planning to be meaningful, not only must foals be formulated, but they must also be formulated with precision and with clarity. To formulate them with precision and clarity it is best not to use words that have referents that are difficult to observe. Words such as understanding, insight, appreciation, and interest refer to qualities that cannot be observed directly; the require one to make inferences about their existence through the observation of manifest behaveior. Thus. Useful objectives should be stared in behavioral terms or. In more current jargon. Performance terms. When objectives are stared behaviorally, it is possible to have specific empirical referents to observe: thus, one is in a position to know without ambiguity whether the behavioral objective has been reached. An objective that seeks to help students appreciate the insights of great poetry needs to be recast in terms far more specific and precise. What would a student do to demonstrate that such appreciation has occurred? what behavior would he or she display? What task is he or she to perform? It should be noted, as it is by those who advocate the use of specific behavioral objectives in curriculum planning, that the objective is to be stated in rerms of desired student behavior. It should not describe what the teacher is to do. If an objective stared that “the objective of the course is to introduce students to great ideas of the western world,’ not only would the behavior be obscure- the term introduce for a behaviorist is vague- the objective would logically be achieved when the teacher introduced the material to the students. The objective in this case is stated in terms of teacher behavior, not in terms of the desired behavior of the stated in terms of teacher behavior, not in terms of the desired behavior of the student. A further condition for formulation of meaningful behavioral objectives is that both the behavior and the content be identified. Appreciation For example, is always of some thing or idea. Understanding always has a subject matter. One does something to something else and in some context. Thus, objectives that are adequately behavioral will not only refer to student rather than teacher behavior, will not only minimize the need for inference- the closer to manifest behavior the better- but meaningful objectives will also identify the particular subject matter in which the behavior is to take place, for example, the student will be able to identify the major causes of the westward movement in the United stares during the period 1840 to 1870. |