دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی دوام عملکرد فوق العاده بالای بافت بتن مسلح (UHPFRC) تحت پیری زودرس به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | دوام عملکرد فوق العاده بالای بافت بتن مسلح (UHPFRC) تحت پیری زودرس |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Durability of an Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) under progressive aging |
رشته های مرتبط: | مهندسی عمران، سازه، مدیریت ساخت، ساختمان های بتنی |
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نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
کد محصول | f245 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Abstract We assess the durability of an Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) after accelerated aging, i.e. after partial drying, or 105 °C oven-drying (dry reference state), 200, 300 or 400 °C heat-treatment, or progressive splitting (Brazilian test). Our key experimental tool is gas permeability Kgas under varying confinement Pc, coupled to MIP and SEM analysis. UHPFRC properties are compared to standard mortar and ordinary concrete. Whereas usual UHPFRCs involve pozzolanic additions and thermal curing, this UHPFRC does not, and is signifi- cantly more porous (by 9–10%). However, 74% of its porosity comprises pores smaller than 4 nm, i.e. located within the C–S–H. Dry reference state UHPFRC lies in the range of very high durable materials, with an average Kgas = 10−18 m2 . Damage by heat-treatment at 400 °C induces limited de-bonding at the fiber/paste interface, which increases Kgas up to 10−17 m2 at Pc = 6 MPa. While sustaining more than 300 μm/m tensile strain, Kgas of UHPFRC remains virtually identical. 1. Introduction 1.1. Industrial and scientific context Currently, France has the second nuclear power plant industrial park (behind USA), with as many as 58 independent reactors spread around the country. 24 of these reactors belong to the so-called Second Generation, which was built between 1970 and 1988 (i.e. they are between 25 and 43 years old). Each reactor unit of the Second Generation comprises a containment building, which is made of two superposed reinforced concrete structures. Their aim is to act as a barrier against any aircraft strike, and also as a tight container, should any leakage of the reactor vessel occur. In such event, gas pressure build-up is expected inside the containment structure, which should not spread through to the environment. Contrary to the Second Generation reactors, containment buildings of the First Generation reactors are made of a non porous steel casing superposed to a concrete container, which generates different safety issues. The French law (on transparency and safety of nuclear operation systems, June 13th, 2006) imposes that, every ten years, all French nuclear reactors are stopped in turn, and fully test-proofed, in order to check if they are fit to be operated for ten more years. In particular, the tightness of Second Generation reactors to gas pressure is ascertained as follows: an internal gas pressure is applied to the containment building, at a conventional rate and amplitude, so that the reactor is declared fit for an extended operation if the leakage rate is below a regulatory- fixed value. Electricité de France (EDF), the first French electricity operating company, anticipates novel methods for lengthening the operating duration of its oldest reactors, among which are the 25–43 years old Second Generation ones. A foreseen path is to strengthen the tightness of containment buildings, which has degraded with time, due to concrete drying and aging (marked by various crack patterns), and to prestress decrease. As recalled by Ozyildirim [1], one method of improving durability is to lower the permeability of concrete. One viable option is to cover the extrados of the current concrete buildings with a supplementary concrete layer, aimed at increasing its tightness for at least 30 more years. In this context, a specific Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC), developed by Lafarge company, is being considered under the form of pre-cast slabs, assembled and glued together (with a specific mortar) on the existing structures. This novel material is a cheaper version of the commercial Reactive Powder Concretes of the Ductal™ range (also known as UHPFRC-D) [2–4], owing to its simpler manufacturing process. Its requirement specifications comprise good long-term adherence (yet, this issue is not addressed here), and adequate durability performance. Similarly to Ductal™, this UHPFRC is a self-compacting concrete, and it possesses a recognized high mechanical performance, with a compressive strength above 120 MPa, a tensilestrength above 5–6 MPa, a porosity (measured with water) below 10%, remarkable ductility provided by metallic fiber presence, and an excellent resistance to chloride penetration [2,5]. |