دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تجزیه تحلیل چند متغیره تاثیرات تراس بندی زمین بر روی خصوصیات خاک در پاریورات اسپانیا به همراه ترجمه فارسی
| عنوان فارسی مقاله: | اثرات تراس بندی زمین بر روی خواص خاک در منطقه پاریورات در شمال شرق اسپانیا. یک تجزیه تحلیل چند متغیره |
| عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Effects of land terracing on soil properties in the Priorat region in Northeastern Spain: A multivariate analysis |
| رشته های مرتبط: | کشاورزی، علوم خاک، شیمی خاک، بیولوژی و بیوتکنولوژی خاک |
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| توضیحات | ترجمه برخی از قسمتها موجود نیست |
| نشریه | الزویر – Elsevier |
| کد محصول | F108 |
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: Abstract The Priorat region, a traditional area for wine production in the Mediterranean mountain environment of NE Spain, has been undergoing drastic changes since the 1990s, with the conversion of abandoned and natural vegetation areas into new terraced vineyard plantations. In most cases, these land cover changes involve land terracing, with risers more than 2 m high and benches with the soil surface structure completely altered. The objective of this work is to analyse the impacts of these land transformations on soil physical properties such as texture, water retention and infiltration capacity in a sample area of the region. Soils are classified as Lithic Xerorthents and are locally called “ llicorell ” . For this study two different situations on a 100-m-long hillslope were studied: one in an undisturbed position, with natural vegetation and one in a disturbed two- year-old terraced vineyard. Samples of the soil surface from 0 to 20 cm were collected at several points along the slope for analysis of texture, organic matter and aggregate stability. At these locations, saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured using a disc permeameter. The results show that in these soils with a high percentage of coarse elements ( N 60%), work carried out during land transformation produced changes in the particle size distribution of the fine fraction. In addition, levelling reduced the organic matter content of the cultivated soils. These changes affected hydraulic conductivity, water retention capacity (which decreased by 45%) and aggregate stability, as well as the relationships between a ll these variables. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The radical changes that European agriculture has undergonein the last few decades have entailed large-scale processes ofland-use and land-cover change (LUCC). These changes areleading to major landscape modifications, land degradation andnew management techniques as a result of the abandonment oftraditional practices and the intensification of more productiveland (García-Ruiz et al., 1996; Zalidis et al., 2002; Borselliet al., 2006). In the Mediterranean region, these changes act asone of the main environmental degradation forces through theimpacts on soil and water resources (Zalidis et al., 2002) andbiodiversity (Bielsa et al., 2005).Specifically, agricultural land intensification has emerged asa consequence of technological progress and the socio-economic constraints of adapting fields to make themcompetitive in the framework of new national and internationalmarket prospects. This process requires earth movements (landlevelling and/or land terracing operations) to prepare the areafor new cultivation, and management to implement the new landuse through the removal of unwanted vegetation and fieldboundaries, etc. (Borselli et al., 2006). In some cases, thesechanges are supported by the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP), which gives various incentives and subsidies that affectnot only agricultural land use but also the rural landscape(Busch, 2006).In the Mediterranean region, vineyards are one of the maincrops which during the last decade have suffered significantland transformations (Martínez-Casasnovas and Sánchez-Bosch, 2000; Pla and Nacci, 2003). They have been stimulatedby the EU Common Agricultural Policy, through the restructur-ing and conversion plans (Commission Regulation EC No.1227/2000 of 31 May 2000, which specifies detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation EC (1493/1999) as regards production potential) that support the large economic cost of implementation of such operations. One clear example of drastic transformation to adapt land for new vineyard plantations is the Priorat Qualified Designation of Origin (Priorat QDO). The Priorat is a traditional area for wine production in Catalonia, NE Spain, where vineyards have been cultivated since the 12th century. The period of maximum expansion was in the 19th century, when vineyards occupied up to 75% of the land and entirely transformed the Priorat landscape ( Figueras and Calvó, 2003 ). During the first half of the 20th century, the sector underwent a crisis that led to a major deintensification of land use and the abandonment of agricul- tural land ( Douglas et al., 1996 ). This situation was only partially overcome in the 1990s, when a small group of producers introduced new vinification and marketing techni- ques that pushed the wines towards the top of the international market. This has attracted producers from other areas who have been buying land during the last decade to create new mechanised plantations systems. Heavy machines such as bulldozers are being used for large- scale earth movements in order to create new terracing systems for vineyards. The new terraces have average risers more than 2.5 m high, with no protection and slopes of about 36°. The earth movements are not controlled by any law or technical guidelines and are determined by the needs of the owner or the person on charge of the machinery. The movements account for about 77,750 m 3 ha − 1 ( Cots-Folch et al., 2006 ). Those works modify the soil surface characteristics, which influence the infiltration properties at the surface ( Poesen et al., 1990; Léonard and Andrieux, 1998; Malet et al., 2003 ) and interact with other geomorphological processes such as erosion ( Lundekvam et al., 2003 ) and mass movements, mainly during extreme precipitation events ( Abreu, 2005 ). The spatial variability created by all these operations leads to heterogeneous infiltration and runoff responses on hillslopes. The soil redistribution also modifies the soil slope stability and the stability of the terraces, increasing the risk of surface mass movements. Some studies have pointed out the spatial variability of soil properties along the hillslopes ( Agbenin and Tiessen, 1995; Bartoli et al., 1995 ) and with the slope degree ( Janeau et al., 2003 ). However, there are no studies documenting the effects of the new mechanised terracing systems on soil properties. We could expect accumulative effects produced by the redistribu- tion of the soil such as some authors have pointed out to some extent by studies on tillage erosion ( Van Muysen et al., 1999; Torri et al., 2002; De Alba et al., 2004 ) on slow-forming terraces ( Dercon et al., 2003 ), on compaction due to the use of heavy machinery ( Ferrero et al., 2005 ) or by translocation caused by terracing on steep slopes. All these operations give rise to gradients in soil properties from the upper to the lower parts within the plots ( Thapa et al., 1999; Turkelboom et al., 1997 ), even affecting soil productivity ( Turkelboom et al., 1996 ). To cover this gap in new mechanised terracing systems, the objective of the present work is to analyse the impact of land terracing on soil physical properties such as water stable aggregates, water infiltration and retention capacity by com- paring the same properties in old traditional vineyards and forest areas that conserve the natural soil and slope morphology and the new terraced vineyards resulting from earth movement operations in a sample area of the Priorat QDO, (northeastern Spain). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area The study was conducted in the Priorat Qualified Designa- tion of Origin region (Priorat QDO, Catalonia, NE Spain) ( Fig. 1 ). It is a depression formed in the split of the southern part of the Montsant mountain chain. The average slope of the terrain is about 25°. Climate is classified as Mediterranean temperate tending to continental, being characterised by dry winds, mainly from the NE, and an annual average temperature of 15 °C (ranging from 6 to 23 °C). Average rainfall is about 600 mm, mainly distributed in Spring and Autumn. Based on the Soil Taxonomy of the USDA ( Soil Survey Staff, 1999 ), soils are classified as Lithic Xerorthents , developed on schist, locally called “ llicorell ” , which give the wines special distinctive characteristics. Soils are slightly acid (pH about 6) and the organic matter content in the surface horizon is less than 2%. Traditionally, the landscape has been a mosaic of traditional agriculture and natural vegetation ( Iglésies, 1975 ). The main agricultural use is vineyards ( Vitis vinifera ), with Grenache, Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah as the main varieties. The vineyard surface has changed from 700 ha in the 1990 to 1650 ha at present and the wine production increased from 18600 HL in 2000 to 29000 HL in 2004 ( Priorat QDO, 2005 ). This sharp increase is a result of the introduction of new mechanised vineyard plantations taking over natural areas and traditional agricultural land |