دانلود ترجمه مقاله ارتباط بین شیمی خاک زیست محیطی و میزان اختلالات مادرزادی – مجله الزویر

• فهرست مطالب:

۱ مقدمه
۲ مواد و روشها
۱ ۲ نواحی مورد مطالعه و تحقیقها مربوط به نقص تولد
۲ ۲ نمونه برداری
۳ ۲ تهیه نمونه و تحلیل آزمایشگاهی
۴ ۲ تحلیل آماری
۳ نتایج و بحث
۱ ۳ تحلیل نمونه و انتخاب عنصر
۲ ۳ تشخیص عناصر بی نظم
۱ ۲ ۳ تست غیر پارامتری
۲ ۲ ۳ تحلیل رگرسیون مرحله ای
۳ ۲ ۳ شکلهای محیطی مجزا
۴ نتیجه گیری

• بخشی از ترجمه:

نتیجه گیری
اگر چه تمامی نقصهای تولد می توانند با ترکیب یا واکنش عوامل ژنتیکی و محیطی ایجاد شوند ، اثرات محیط محلی در روی نقص تولد هنوز نامشخص هستند . این مطالعه ابتدا تحقیق اکتشافی رابطه مابین عناصر شیمیایی در خاک ، آن و ماده غذایی و میزان نقص تولد است . محتوای عناصر شیمیایی تفاوتهای قابل توجهی مابین ناحیه مطالعه و ناحیه کنترل را نشان می دهد. عناصر شیمیایی نامنظم همگی مابین سه منبع نمونه یکسان نیستند ، اما نتایج اعلام می کند که افزایش گوگرد و کمبود استرانسیوم و آلومینیوم عوامل محیطی مجزا مرتبط با میزان بیشتر نقص تولد در ایالت shanxi چین هستند . یافته های ما در این مطالعه وابسته به نمونه های جمع آوری شده از خاک ، آب ، ماده غذایی در ناحیه مطالعه و کنترل هستند.
بنابراین ما نمی توانیم اثرات تغییر شکل زمین و ارتفاع را نادیده بگیریم . بنابراین ، یافته ها باید محتاطانه قبل از تعیین روشهای اپیدمی شناسی تفسیر شوند . به علاوه ، نامشخص است که آیا عناصر شیمیایی که از مبنای اطلاعاتی حذف شدند هیچ رابطه ای با نقص تولد ندارند . تحقیق بیشتر باید در روی تغییر و انتقال عناصر شیمیایی در میان لیتوسفر ، پروسفر و هیدروسفر و بیوسفر متمرکز شود.

• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Introduction

Birth defects (congenital anomalies) are the leading cause of death in babies under 1 year of age (Petrini et al., 2002; Detrait et al., 2005). For the past several decades, epidemiological surveying has been a key approach to identifying the causal factors, and has demonstrated that causes leading to birth defects are very complex. However, all birth defects can be presumed to be caused by a combination or interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiologists are interested in whether it is genetic or environmental factors (or both) that distinguish individuals with or without birth defects. In its widest sense, an environmental cause is any nongenetic factor that increases the risk of a birth defect for the exposed individual, generally including nutritional excesses and deficiencies, maternal illness and injection, drug use, chemical exposures in the workplace or home, exposure to radiation, and chemical contaminants in air, food, water and so on. Although no direct causal connections have been established between the geographic environment and rate of birth defects, the fact that regions with a particularly high rate of birth defects do occur require that studies must be conducted to investigate the causes of birth defects in terms of geographic and environmental factors. The highest rate of birth defects in the world has been reported in China, and of these defects a hospital study has shown that neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most common birth defect. However, the rate of NTDs in China varies greatly between different regions. Data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Program (CBDMP) indicated that NTD rate at birth in the whole of China is 2.7‰, but is 10.6‰ in Shanxi Province, which ranks highest and has become known as “Everest” due to its high incidence rate (Chen et al., 2009; Xiao et al., 1990; Li et al., 2006). The rate is so high that a logical first step in etiological research is to identify geographic factors associated with risk. Population and family studies indicate a complex etiology in NTDs, involving both environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors implicated in increasing the risk of birth defects include geography, epidemic trends, socioeconomic class, maternal age, maternal diet, maternal diabetes and obesity. Early studies of the causes of birth defects were mainly focused on genetic factors. However, by the 1960s, influences of environmental causes on birth defects had been extensively confirmed. Vinceti et al. (2001) monitored birth defects in the area seriously polluted by lead in northern Italy and found that over a period of time, decreasing the environmental lead content reduced the incidence of heart diseases, orificial clefts and bone diseases. Irgens et al. (1998) collected data from all newborn babies between 1970 and 1993 in Norway, and compared data on fetus defects between those from parents who were likely to have been exposed to lead pollution and those from parents with unlikely lead exposure. They concluded that newborns born to mothers exposed to lead pollution had a greater risk of low weight and NTDs. It has further been shown that the occupations of pregnant women have a major affect on the health of children, and also that women’s exposure to glycol might lead to birth defects (Cordier et al., 1997). More recent research has suggested that women with long-term occupational exposure to anesthetic gases, and pregnant women living in areas polluted by nuclear radiation, might be at higher risk of giving birth to a child with birth defects (Ratzon et al., 2004). Some researchers have considered that the rate of nongenetic birth defects is proportional to the level of the economic poverty (Vrijheid et al., 2000); in particular, the socioeconomic circumstances during a woman’s childhood were shown to have more influence on birth defects than those during pregnancy (Sever and Emanuel, 2008). Although the prevalence rate of birth defects has been attributed to numerous environmental factors, the geographic “gradients” of relatively higher rates compared with other places in the world reveal that the geographic environment has a significant impact on birth defects (Olney and Mulinare, 1999). Even in China, epidemiological surveys have indicated that there is an obvious territorial clustering of high prevalence areas, whereby the incidence in the north of China is higher than that in the south (Cynthia et al., 1998). Also, in general the birth defects rate in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas. Although many environmental factors associated with increased risk of birth defects have been discussed in the studies mentioned, the contribution of environmental factors to birth defects is still inconclusive. Meanwhile, so-called environment factors have generally been limited to secondary environmental factors, such as pollution in water, air and foods, and unusual workplace environments. Few studies have dealt with causal factors based on comprehensive analysis of raw geographic information in a high prevalence region of birth defects. We therefore believe that the identification of leading causes of birth defects through their link with abnormal environmental conditions is of great importance in areas with high rates of birth defects.

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