دانلود ترجمه مقاله کمک به شناسایی برگ های pinnata Kalanchoe و crenata در شرایط سایه و آفتاب با کالبد شناسی تطبیقی

• فهرست مطالب:

چكيده
مقدمه
مواد و روش ها
مادۀ گياهي
شرايط كشت
آناتومي برگ
نتايج و بحث
اختلافات مورفولوژيكي بين گياهان آفتابي و سايه ايي
آناتومي برگ
آزمايشات ميكروشيميايي
نتيجه گيري

• بخشی از ترجمه:

عليرغم شباهت هاي آناتومي اين گونه ها، تفاوت هايي در شكل توزيع idioblastهاي زيراپيدرمي كه به صورت مجزا يا گروهي در K. crenata بودند و لايه هاي شبيه به لايه هاي موجود در K. pinnata را هرگز تشكيل نمي دادند، ؛ رخداد   idioblastها در اپيدرمي فقط در K. crenata؛ و حضور جوانه هاي فقط در حاشيۀ برگ K. pinnata مشاهده شد.اين اختلافات تحت شرايط نوري متفاوت همچنان ثابت بود.ازاينرو،اين اختلافات مي توانند شناسايي سطح آناتومي گونه ها و در نتيجه كنترل كيفيت داروهاي گياهي K.pinnata و K. crenata مورد حمايت قرار دهند.

• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Introduction The species of Crassulaceae are Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants. Unlike C3 and C4 plants, CAM plants assimilate atmospheric CO2 into C4 acids at night, and subsequently fi x this CO2 to the carbohydrate level during the following day (Cushman & Bohnert, 1997). Two species of this family, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. and K. crenata (Andrews) Haw., are popularly used to treat several diseases, including bronchitis and gastritis (Moreira, et al. 2002; Medeiros et al. 2004; Silva et al., 2006). Besides their common uses, these species share characteristics related to leaf morphology, including decussate, succulent, and glabrous leaves; ovate to elliptical leaf blades; and crenate margins (Hyakutake & Grotta, 1972; Anjoo & Kumar, 2010). Although K. crenata has simple leaves and K. pinnata has simple or compound ones, their leaves are very similar, especially when K. pinnata has only simple leaves. Because of their similarities, both species are known in Brazil as folha-dacosta, saião, and coirama (Brito & Brito, 1993; Medeiros et al. 2004; Silva et al., 2006; Joseph et al., 2011). Several biological activities have been reported for K. pinnata and K. crenata, including antileishmaniasis (Muzitano et al., 2006), antinociceptive, anti-infl ammatory, and antidiabetic (Ojewole, 2005) for K. pinnata, and analgesic and anticonvulsant (Nguelefack et al., 2006) for K. crenata. In both species, the leaf is the plant organ that is most used in folk medicine and in studies of biological activity. Leaves are highly susceptible to environmental variations, mainly light intensity. Leaves developed under high light (sun leaves) are usually smaller and thicker, frequently have a higher density of stomata, a thicker epidermis and cuticle, and more developed mesophyll compared to leaves developed under low light (shade leaves) (Dickison, 2000; Schulze et al., 2002). Knowledge of leaf anatomy is essential for the registration and quality control of herbal medicines (Anvisa RDC No. 48/2004). Plants used in herbal medicines may be subject to different degrees of shading during growth. Therefore, studies of medicinal plants grown under different light conditions are important to examine photomorphogenic changes that may cause problems with their identifi cation (Milaneze-Gutierre et al., 2003). Some anatomical studies have examined K. pinnata (Jain et al. 2008; Anjoo & Kumar, 2010; Leal-Costa et al. 2010) and K. crenata (Hyakutake & Grotta, 1972). However, these studies provided neither information about the influence of environmental light intensity on the leaf anatomy of these species, nor a detailed anatomical description of them. Therefore, in view of the potential for development of herbal medicines from K. pinnata and K. crenata leaves, and considering the difficulties in differentiating between them based on their external morphology during the vegetative stage, this study aimed to contribute to their anatomical description and to highlight distinguishing characters that are stable in different light conditions. Material and Methods Plant material Specimens of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. and K. crenata (Andrews) Haw., Crassulaceae, were obtained from the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. The voucher specimens were deposited at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Herbarium (RFA37525 and RFA37524, respectively). Cultivation conditions Young plants (4-5 months) were obtained from the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. Six specimens of each species were planted in individual hard plastic pots, with the same substrate and watering routine. Three plants of each species were grown in sun and three in shade (under a tree). Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured monthly during the course of a year, on sunny days, with a PAR sensor coupled to an FMS2 Hansatech fluorometer (Hansatech Instruments Ltd., King’s Lynn, UK). The PAR intensity ranged from 413.9 to 801.3 μmol m-2 s-1 for the sun plants, and from 12.8 to 19.9 μmol m-2 s-1 for the shade plants. Leaf anatomy Three simple leaves from the fourth node of different specimens were fixed in FAA70 (Johansen, 1940). Leaf fragments were embedded in Leica Historesin® and sectioned in a Spencer rotary microtome. Cross sections were made in the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the petiole, and in the base, middle-third and apex of the leaf blade. The sections were stained with toluidine blue and mounted in Entellan®. Paradermal sections were cut mechanically and the fragments were stained in hydroalcoholic safranin (Johansen, 1940). Microchemical tests were performed on fresh material: Sudan III to reveal lipids (Sass, 1951), lugol for starch (Johansen, 1940), Coomassie brilliant blue for protein (Fisher, 1968), and potassium dichromate for phenolic compounds (Gabe, 1968). Measurements of epidermis and mesophyll thickness, number of vascular bundles over 1 mm, and stomatal density were made in the middle third of fourth-node leaves with an optical microscope (Zeiss Standard) equipped with a drawing tube. Three repetitions of ten measurements were made on leaves of different specimens. Statistical analysis was performed by the GraphPad Instat 3.0 for Windows® program, using the t test (p<0.05).

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