دانلود ترجمه مقاله جمع آوری آب شیرین از مه – نشریه اسپرینگر

فهرست مطالب:

چکیده
مقدمه
شرایط اقلیمی
ملاحظات فنی
پروژه های جمع آوری مه آب فعلی و پیشین
آمریکای مرکزی و جنوبی
اروپا
آسیا
طرح و برنامه زمانی پروژه
ابعاد خاص
مقدار مه آب
کیفیت مه آب
ابعاد اقتصادی
چشم اندازهای آینده

بخشی از ترجمه:

 نشان داده شده است که جمع آوری مه آب به عنوان منبع آب شیرین، یک تکنولوژی عملی در مناطق مختلف جهان می باشد. مه آب می تواند یک منبع مهم و ارزشمند آب شیرین برای جنگل کاری، باغچه کاری و نیز منبع آب شیرین برای مصرف بشری می باشد
بیشترین مزیت مه آب جمع آوری شده برای مردم فقیر و کم بضاعت است. اغلب این افراد در شرایط بسیار سختی زندگی می کنند. وقتی ایده جمع آوری مه آب به عنوان منبع آب شیرین به طور مثبتی ارزیآبی می شود، پروژه شروع می شود. تخصص و بودجه اولیه از خارج تامین می شود. عملیات منظم LFC، حاکی از وجود بسیاری از روستاها در کشورها با مقدار زیاد آب شیرین می باشد. ،
ایجاد انگیزه، آموزش و مشارکت افراد محلی از فاکتورهای موفقیت آمیز می باشد. ایجاد ساختار های جدید به عنوان کمیته های آبی برای مدیریت پروژه مفید است. تحت شرایط بهینه، هزینه های عملیاتی با فروش آب جمع شده به قیمت های پایین تر نسبت به منآبع دیگر حاصل می شود. این مفهوم برای واحد های کوچک قآبل تعمیم است. مشکلات مربوط به تک تک پروژه ها بعد از عملیات سیستم جمع آوری و دادن آن ها به دست مردم محلی بروز می یآبد. مرمت و نگهداری نامناسب موجب کاهش کارایی کلکتورها و در نهایت تخریب آن ها می شود. به نظر می رسد که این پروژه ها برای مدیریت موفقیت امیز و پایدار برنامه ای ندارند.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

INTRODUCTION The collection of fog for the purpose of the production of clean water has attracted increasing attention over the past few decades. It is a simple and sustainable technology with the potential to produce precious water in some regions of the world. It is achieved by exposure of mesh material to foggy air masses. There are numerous projects on five continents to collect fog water, of which some are more successful than others. The beneficiaries are often poor people, although successful projects also exist in more prosperous regions. A tri-annual international conference series on fog, fog collection, and dew, since 1998 (http:// www.fogquest.org/conferences.html), brings together scientific findings and users of the technique. The scope of this review is to synthesize the current understanding of fog collection and to analyze its potential and limitations for future development. In a sense, this is a follow-up contribution of a summary presented 20 years ago in Ambio (Schemenauer and Cereceda 1991). Note that the science of fog physics, chemistry, and its role in the hydrological cycle, which extends to a much wider climatic range than the ‘‘fog collection’’ addressed here, is not within the focus of this article. CLIMATIC PRECONDITIONS Fog is a cloud with physical contact to the earth’s surface. The fog droplet diameters typically range between from around 1 lm to a few 10s of lm. There are several fogforming processes (Schemenauer et al. 1988; Eugster 2008), of which only two are briefly mentioned here. In the first method, low stratus clouds can form over a rather cold body of water, e.g., the subtropical SE Pacific Ocean, and the resulting cloud base height above the surface and the cloud’s thickness may be a few tens or hundreds of meters. If such a cloud is advected by the regional winds toward the coastal mountains, advection fog may occur in the mountainous region. Another way to produce fog is adiabatic cooling of humid air masses during their uphill transport. Oceans are major sources of humidity so that the combination of an ocean with a near-coast mountainous region is a favorable setting for collecting water from such orographic fog. Only if fresh water is sparse, is there a motivation to set up a system for fog water collection. In other words, only if rain is a very limited (in many cases virtually non-existent at least for a significant time period of the year) source of fresh water, and groundwater is an unsustainable or expensive source, fog collection projects make sense. These preconditions lead to a concentration of fog collection projects in arid and semi-arid tropical and subtropical climates. TECHNICAL REALIZATIONS The collection of fog water is a simple technology. A mesh is exposed to the atmosphere, and the fog is pushed through the mesh by the wind. A fraction of the fog droplets is deposited on the mesh material by impaction. When more and more fog droplets deposit, they combine to form larger droplets, run down the mesh material into gutters and eventually into a storage tank. Differences between various fog collector designs exist regarding their size and shape, as well as the mesh material used. The Standard Fog Collector (SFC) is mainly used in exploratory studies to evaluate the amount of fog water that can be collected at given sites. The construction and use of this flat mesh panel is described in detail in Schemenauer and Cereceda (1994a). The SFC has a 1 9 1 m2 surface, with a base 2 m above ground and is installed perpendicularly to the wind direction that is associated with the occurrence of fog. It has now been used to measure fog fluxes in about 40 countries. The Large Fog Collector (LFC, Schemenauer and Cereceda 1994b) has been widely used for fog collection. The principle is identical to that of the SFC. It is, however, much larger. In most cases, the mesh is 4 m high and 10 m wide. The lower edge of the mesh, with the attached gutter, should be as high off the ground as possible (typically 2 m) in order to increase the collection rate. In the SFC design, the mesh is stretched over a rigid frame. For the LFC, the mesh is supported by a frame made of cables, which are held tightly between two vertical posts. Figure 1 shows an LFC in Spain. posts. Figure 1 shows an LFC in Spain. The collection rate of a fog collector is determined by the fog liquid water content (LWC), the size distribution of fog droplets, the size and arrangement of the mesh material, and the wind speed. The description of the physical processes behind the impaction of fog droplets is beyond the scope of this article and is described in Schemenauer and Joe (1989) and Schemenauer and Cereceda (1994a). The Raschel shade net material from a Chilean manufacturer is used in most fog collector applications worldwide.

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