دانلود مقاله ترجمه شده بررسی اثرات کوتاه مدت مدیریت شخم و بقایای گیاهی بر عملکرد دانه و کیفیت گندم – مجله الزویر

فهرست مطالب:

چکیده
مقدمه
مواد و روش ها
نتایج
عملکرد دانه
وزن هزار دانه
وزن آزمایش
محتوی پروتین
حجم SDS
همبستگی بین پارامترهای افزایش یافته
بحث
نتیجه گیری

بخشی از ترجمه:

نتیجه گیری
تاثیر مدیریت بقایای گیاهی پنبه بر عملکرد دانه،TW،PC،SDS معنادار نبود با این حال Srem دارای tgw بالتر و معنادارتری از Slev بود. تیمارهای ترکیبی شخم و روش کاشت پشته ای تاثیر معناداری بر عملکرد دانه،TGW-TW داشت با این حال به طور معناداری بر PC و SDS تاثیر نگذاشت. شخم حفاظتی با بذرپاشی منجر به کم ترین عملکرد دانه شد در حالی که هیچ اختلاف معناداری میان دیگر تیمارهای شخم وجود نداشت. عملکرد دانه همبستگی مثبتی با TGW داشت با این حال هیچ رابطه ای با دیگر پارامترهای دانه نشان ندادند. حتی تحت شرایط آبیاری، تغییر شرایط آب و هوایی به خصوص مقدار و توریع بارندگی طی فصل رشد تاثیر معناداری بر عملکرد دانه گندم و پارامترهای کیفیت علی رغم آبیاری های مکمل اعمال کردند. عملکرد دانه و TGW د ر۲۰۰۳-۲۰۰۴ در کم ترین مقدار خود بودند.TW در ۲۰۰۴-۲۰۰۵ نسبت به ۲ سال دیگر بالاتر بودند.PC و SDS در ۲۰۰۴-۲۰۰۵ بالاتر بود که دارای مقدار بارندگی کم تری نسبت به ۲۰۰۵-۲۰۰۶ بود. به طور کلی، شخم سنتی با بذرپاشی کم ترین تاثیر در عملکرد دانه گندم داشت و د رمیان تیمارهای شخم دیگر، عملکرد مشابه دیده شد.مدیریت بقایای گیاهی هیچ تاثیری بر تولید گندم و کیفیت آن به جز TGW نداشت.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

۱٫ Introduction In irrigated areas of the South East Anatolia Region of Turkey, cotton and wheat are the main arable crops. Cotton is usually grown in monoculture agriculture or in rotation with wheat. Cotton harvesting continues every year by November or December depending upon the weather conditions. Seedbed preparation is relatively hard for planting wheat following cotton because autumn rainfall results in wet soil conditions. In the region, wheat planting after cotton harvest is characterized by chopping or collecting stalks after cotton harvest, intensive tillage and broadcasting the wheat seed on leveled soil surface and then incorporating it by means of a shallow tillage operation. But, this system results in soil degradation and erosion, and in addition the production costs are very high and yield is low (Gemtos et al., 1998; Husnjak et al., 2002; Fahong et al., 2004; Hobbs et al., 2008). Besides, lateness of cotton harvesting leaves very limited time for land preparation for ‘on-time’ planting of wheat. Therefore, it is important to develop tillage and residue management technologies that allow more timely planting, and prevent yield reduction and soil degradation in wheat agriculture following cotton. Many researchers have reported that conservation tillage protects soil from wind and water erosion and improves soil physical, chemical and biological properties, and reduces production costs (Gemtos et al., 1998; Chan and Hulugalle, 1999; Lithourgidis et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2007; Mann et al., 2008). However, yield of wheat under conservation tillage is inconsistent, depending on soil-climatic conditions, and it is dependent on a number of interacting factors, including weed control level, residue management, cultural practices and drill performance (Dawelbeit and Babiker, 1997; Gemtos et al., 1998; Carefoot and Janzen, 1997). Under irrigation, Karlen and Gooden (1987), Hemmat and Taki (2001), Li et al. (2008) reported lower wheat yield for conservation tillage as a result of poor stands, while Hao et al. (2001), Jalota et al. (2008), Mann et al. (2008), Schillinger et al. (2010) found that conservation tillage was equal to or better than conventional tillage. Javadi et al. (2008) reported that reduced tillage using chisel plow, or disk and toothed harrows could provide an efficient alternative to conventional tillage in order to maintain high productivity in irrigated conditions. However, they stated that no-tillage did not show promising results due to lack of appropriate equipment. The adoption of conservation tillage practices is very slow due to lower crop yields in such systems, and also differences in management that farmers may not be familiar with (Cosper, 1983). A study by Sayre and Hobbs (2004) showed that permanent raised beds were an excellent option and offered potential benefits in terms of higher crop yield and quality, lower production costs, improved soil structure through controlled traffic and minimum tillage, and the possibility that furrow-irrigation may be more efficient than flood irrigation. Also, the bed planting system offers opportunity for initial weed control prior to planting, facilitates access to crop for timely nutrient (especially N) application, uses lower seed rate, allows better stand establishment, and reduces crop lodging, herbicide dependence, soil erosion by irrigation water if crop residues are left on the surface in furrows and field compaction by restricting machinery traffic (Hobbs et al., 1998; Reeves et al., 1999; Sayre and Hobbs, 2004). Jin et al. (2008) stated that a permanent raised bed cropping system had the potential to make an important contribution to agricultural productivity, but ongoing research is needed on several aspects of this cropping system, including the suitability of current wheat varieties and relationships between tillage and water management practices, productivity and environmental conditions. Under rainfed conditions, the developed technologies and practices have resulted in similar or higher crop yields from conservation tillage than those from conventionally tilled fields (Hunt et al., 1997). They also reported that no yield loss was found when notill system was used in winter wheat agriculture after cotton. But, Ishaq et al. (2001) reported that the effect of tillage on wheat grain yield differed among years, and wheat grain yields were lower for minimum tillage than for conventional tillage, or deep tillage. They stated that wheat following cotton requires plough-based seedbed preparation to alleviate surface soil compaction and improve soil tilth. Also, Gwenzi et al. (2009) determined that tillage effects on crop yields in an irrigated wheat–cotton rotation were inconsistent throughout a 6-year period and the higher weed infestation and poor crop stand under minimum and no-tillage resulted in reduced wheat yield. They stated that minimum tillage and notillage were more sustainable tillage systems for semi-arid regions than conventional tillage because of limited adverse impacts on crop productivity, and improved soil structural stability. Dawelbeit and Babiker (1997) reported that the disk harrow and seed drill could be recommended for profitable wheat cultivation in irrigated Vertisols of Rahad. They determined that seed drilling and ridging after broadcasting resulted in significantly greater yields than broadcasting alone.