دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی عصب سندرم داون: مدارک و شواهد در مورد اختلال در ناحیه هیپوکامپ به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | عصب سندرم داون: مدارک و شواهد در مورد اختلال در ناحیه هیپوکامپ |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | The Neuropsychology of Down Syndrome: Evidence for Hippocampal Dysfunction |
رشته های مرتبط: | پزشکی، روانشناسی، مغز و اعصاب، روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی |
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توضیحات | نصف مقاله ترجمه نشده است. |
نشریه | وایلی – Wiley |
کد محصول | f174 |
مقاله انگلیسی رایگان |
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جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات پزشکی |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی مقاله: پژوهش حاضر عملكردهاي ناحيه جلو مغز و هیپوکامپ را در یک نمونه متشكل از 28 نفر از افراد مبتلا به سندرم داون (DS) در محدودهي سني مدرسه (باميانگين M) = 14.7) ساله، و انحراف معيار(SD )= 2.7) در مقایسه با 28 كودك درحال رشد (M = 4.9 سال، SD = 0.75) در محدودهي سن عقلی (MA) به صورت جداگانه بررسي نموده است. هر دو حوزه نوروفیزیولوژیک با اقدامات متعدد رفتاری مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. مقياسهاي ارزيابي مقايسهاي عملکرد کلامی و فضایی نشان می دهد که این نمونه مبتلا به DS شبیه به نمونههاي ديگر در تحقيقات گذشته بوده است. |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی: This study tested prefrontal and hippocampal functions in a sample of 28 school-aged (M = 14.7 years, SD = 2.7) individuals with Down syndrome (DS) compared with 28 (M = 4.9 years, SD = .75) typically developing children individually matched on mental age (MA). Both neuropsychological domains were tested with multiple behavioral measures. Benchmark measures of verbal and spatial function demonstrated that this DS sample was similar to others in the literature. The main finding was a significant Group x Domain interaction effect indicating differential hippocampal dysfunction in the group with DS. However, there was a moderate partial correlation (r = .54, controlling for chronological age) between hippocampal and prefrontal composite scores in the DS group, and both composites contributed unique variance to the prediction of MA and adaptive behavior in that group. In sum, these results indicate a particular weakness in hippocampal functions in DS in the context of overall cognitive dysfunction. It is interesting that these results are similar to what has been found in a mouse model of DS. Such a model will make it easier to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that lead to the development of hippocampal dysfunction in DS. Although Down syndrome (DS) is both the “oldest” and most common genetic mental retardation (MR) syndrome, we know less about its neuropsychology than that of other MR syndromes, such as Fragile X syndrome (FXS) or Williams syndrome (WS). The goals of the present study were: (a) to better define the neuropsychological phenotype in DS by testing both prefrontal and hippocampal functions, potential dysfunction of which is suggested by what is known about brain structure in DS; and (b) to test whether this phenotype varies by age. Understanding the development of the neuropsychological phenotypes in MR syndromes has important implications for theories of cognitive development, because an adequate theory should account for both typical and atypical development. Hence, the pattern of development in MR syndromes provides important tests of the universality of the predictions made by such theories, such as predictions about developmental sequences and the role of various cognitive processes in both developmental and individual differences in intelligence (see discussion in Pennington, 2002). In this study, we focused on two cognitive processes, prefrontally mediated executive functions and hippocampally mediated long-term memory, that are likely to be important for understanding the development of MR, both in DS specifically and in MR syndromes generally. DS was first described by Down (1866) well over a century ago, and its genetic basis-an extra chromosome 21-was discovered about 40 years ago (LeJeune, Gautier, & Turpin, 1959). DS occurs in 1 in 600 live births and accounts for close to 40% of cases of moderate or worse MR found in the general population. In what follows, we review what is known about genetics, brain development, and neuropsychology in DS to motivate the present study. Genetics of DS Most (about 94%) cases of DS are not familial. Instead, a parent with a normal chromosome number produces an offspring with an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) through a process called nondisjunction, which is failure of one of the paired chromosomes to separate in meiosis. Nondisjunction is more likely in mothers, especially older ones, than in fathers, because all of a mother’s eggs are present in an immature form before her birth. In contrast, new sperm are continually being produced by fathers across their reproductive lifespan. The small remainder of cases of DS are familial and reflect either translocation of an extra piece of the long arm of 21 to another chromosome or mosaicism. |