دانلود ترجمه مقاله بررسی ارتباط بین تغذیه و ایمنی – انتشارات وایلی

فهرست مطالب:

مقدمه
ایمنی ماهی و میگو
تفاوت بین ایمنی ذاتی و تخصصی
عوامل سلولی ایمنی ذاتی
فاکتور های هورمونی ایمنی ذاتی
ایمنی میگو: سیستم دفاعی سلولی و هورمونی
میزان تغذیه و گرسنگی
پروتین ها، آمینو اسید ها و نوکلئوتید ها
اسید های چرب
کربوهیدارت ها، الگوساکارید ها و بتاگلوکان ها
ارزیابی مدولاسیون غذایی پاسخ ایمنی
پروفیلاکسیز و چشم انداز های آن

بخشی از ترجمه:

پروفیلاکسیز و چشم انداز های آن
عملیات مدیتی خوب در تولید انبوه، تغذیه کافی و شاخص های پروفیلاکسی برای کنترل بهتر بیماری در تکثیر پرورش آبزیان ضروری است. عملکرد مناسب موانع دفاعی برای پیشگیری از بیماری مهم است. عرضه به موقع عناصر مغذی موجب حفظ کارکرد های ایمنی شده و خطر بیماری بعدی را کاهش می دهد. توجه ویژه ای باید بر عناصر اولیه پاسخ شود زیرا توانایی سیستم ایمنی مهم ترین عنصر در کنترل بیماری است. در واقع سیتوتوکسیی طبیعی و سیتوکینز ها رویداد های اولیه در توسعه پاسخ ایمنی می باشند در حالی که ایمنی سلول T خاطره و پاسخ آنتی بادی رویداد های دیگر می باشند.
تقویت روش های پیشگیری و توسعه راهبرد های مبتنی بر تغذیه برای افزایش رشد و توسعه سیستم ایمنی لازم است. دیدگاه مدولاسیون غذایی ایمنی توسط سیکل حیات به یافتن راهبرد های جدید برای پیشگیری از بیماری توسط تغذیه کمک می کند. افزایش دانش ابعاد مولکولی تغذیه و ایمنی نیز اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Fish and shrimp immunity Being immune corresponds to the capacity of an organism to resist infection through the recognition of a foreign agent, the responses of the system to ¢ght this agent and the memory of this agent, in order to quickly respond to a second aggression. In comparison with mammals, ¢sh have a less speci¢c immune system with a shorter response, a limited immunoglobulin repertoire, a weak memory (which reduces the potential for long-term protection) and a mucosal response (whose importance in comparison with the systemic response is not really known). The immune response of ¢sh is di¡erentiated between humoraland cellular-mediated systems, with the same type of immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes acting in these responses. Shrimp as invertebrates are not able to develop a speci¢c response. They have the basal mechanisms of self- versus non-self recognition, phagocytosis and a system of lectins that can be considered to be antibody-like proteins. The response of ¢sh to a foreign agent is rather similar to that of mammals, while in shrimp, the response is very rudimentary. All ¢sh pathogens contain antigens: viral particles, bacteria, fungi, toxins and animal parasites. Distinction between innate and speci¢c immunity Figure 1 presents the di¡erent mechanisms involved in the innate and speci¢c (or adaptive) immunity. Fish have an important ¢rst line of defence consisting of epithelial barriers such as skin, scales, mucus membranes (gastro-intestinal tract, secretions of mucus) and physiological barriers like stomach pH, gut micro£ora and chemical mediators secreted by the mucus (defensins, lysozyme, transferrin, complement system, etc.). Involvement of cells like phagocytes, natural cytotoxic cells (NCC) and in£ammatory response through the release of chemical mediators represents a second line of defence that is initiated if the pathogen has been able to pass the epithelial and physiological barriers. The actors of the in£ammatory response are interferon (IFN), interleukins (ILs), chemokines and factors like tumour-necrosis factor (TNF-a). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) of recognition have also been discovered as an important element of the innate immunity, involving di¡erent receptor types. The third line of defence consists of the development of a speci¢c immune response with either the proliferation of lymphocytes leading to the production of antibodies speci¢c to the antigen or the development of a T-cell-mediated response via cytotoxic T cells (e¡ector cells) in case of viral infection, for example. These responses are generally also mediated by cytokines, which play an important role in cellto-cell communication for a rapid expansion of the response to the di¡erent parts of the body. The ultimate step of this speci¢c response is the development of a memory, allowing the immune system to maintain a B-cell pro¢le corresponding to a speci¢c pathogen. In case of a second infection, these cells will be recognized and will proliferate quickly to ¢ght the infection. This memory mechanism is much less developed in ¢sh compared with mammals and does not exist in shrimp. In terms of kinetics of the responses, the innate immunity can act between hours and days, while the speci¢c immunity would need weeks to develop depending mainly on the environment (Bowden 2008). Cellular actors of innate immunity Phagocytes and NCC are the main cellular elements of the innate immunity. As shown in Fig. 2, phagocytes are able to develop di¡erent microbicidal mechanisms to try to de¢nitely eliminate pathogens. Enzymes, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) act in concert to provide the best chances to limit the response to the second line of defences described earlier. The production of reactive oxygen species, either internally or externally, constitutes the oxidative burst mechanism. The extracellular response is more pronounced in ¢sh compared with the intracellular one. Natural cytotoxic cells are involved in innate antiviral immunity. Natural cytotoxic cells possess receptors that recognize proteins expressed at the surface of virus-infected cells. Through a mechanism of perforin granules released externally, the membrane of the virus-infected cells will be degraded and subsequently subjected to an osmotic shock, leading to their complete lysis and death (Fig. 3).