دانلود ترجمه مقاله بررسی تغذیه و بهداشت در ماهی های پرورشی – نشریه NCBI

فهرست مطالب:

چکیده
مقدمه
پروتین ها و آمینواسید ها
تاثیر پروتین و آمینو اسید بر روی شرایط بهداشتی
لیپید ها و اسید های چرب ضروری
EFA در شرایط بهداشتی
کربوهیدرات ها
ویتامین ها
ویتامین ها و شرایط سلامتی
ویتامین ها و پاسخ به تنش
ویتامین ها و اکسیداسیون لیپید
مواد معدنی
مواد معدنی و سلامتی
ترکیبات غیر مغذی

بخشی از ترجمه:

جیره غذایی در افزایش تحمل به تنش و مقاومت به بیماری حیوانات با استفاده از مواد خام عاملی و ترکیبات مشخث نسبت به عناصر ضروری بسیار نقش دارد (Nakano 2007. این غذاهای عاملی را می توان به صورت غذاهایی تعریف کرد که عملکرد بدن را نشانه رفته و موجب بهبود سلامتی و رفاه حیوانات و کاهش خطر بیماری (Parracho, Saulnier, McCartney & Gibson2008) شده و شامل پروبیتویک ها، پری بیوتیک ها و محرک های ایمنی می باشند.
مصرف پری و پروبیتویک ها در تکثیر و پرورش می تواند موجب بهبود شرایط بهداشتی، افزایش مقاومت به بیماری، بهبود عملکرد رشد، کاهش ناهنجاری های ژنتیکی و موفولوژی مناسب معدی رودوی و تعادل میکروبی شود ((Merrifield Dimitroglou, Foey, Davies, Baker, Bogwald, Castex, Ringo 2010) .
&در سالهاي اخير با توجه به اثرات باالقوه پروبيوتيكها، تمايل زيادي به استفاده از اين فرآورده هاي ميكروبي در آبزي پروري بوجود آمده است، در اين ر استا استفاده از پروبيوتيك ها ر ا به عنو ان سرلوحه تحقيقات آينده در (FAO) و با توجه به موفقيت هاي اخير به كار گيري اين مو اد ، سازمان خو اربار جهاني آبزي پروري تعيين نموده است و نتايج اين تحقيقات بدون ترديد به كاهش استفاده از مو اد شيميايي و د اروها و نيز افز ايش توليد در آبزي پروري كمك خواهد نمود . لذا با توجه به مطالعات كمي كه در اين زمينه بو يژه تا ثير پروبيوتيكها بر فاكتورهاي فيزيو لوژيك آبزيان صورت پذيرفته است و با هدف بررسي اثرات احتمالي اين مواد بر فيزيولوژي تغذيه ماهی و در نهايت افزايش توليد مطالعه حاضر طراحي و اجرا گرديد.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Introduction With the continuing growth of the aquaculture industry, more attention to fish welfare must be given as it has significant impacts on stress response, health and resistance to diseases, with consequences on the sustainable development of this industry (Ashley 2007). Diets, among other factors, have strong effects on stress tolerance and health, and therefore, for an adequate growth and resistance to stress and disease problems, fish must be fed adequate quantities of diets that meet all their nutrient requirements (Trichet 2010). Feeding animals with diets that do not meet nutrient requirements not only affects growth and feed efficiency but also increases susceptibility to disease and induces the appearance of deficiency signs, including altered behaviour and pathological changes. Unbalanced diets may also induce negative interactions or antagonism among nutrients that provoke signs similar to deficiency of nutrients. At very high levels of nutrient, which are unusual in practical diets, toxicity signs may occur. Several dietary factors, including essential and non-essential nutrients, have also been shown to have specific actions on the immune response when provided at pharmacological doses (Trichet 2010). Therefore, before considering the potential benefits of diet supplementation with any specific nutrient, it is of paramount importance to ensure that fish are fed adequate amounts of balanced diets that meet all nutrient requirements for the specific physiological Journal of Fish Diseases 2012, 35, 83–108 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.x Correspondence A Oliva Teles, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Cieˆncias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N Edifı´cio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal (e-mail: aoteles@fc.up.pt) 83 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd stage of development of the species under consideration. Though still limited, information is accumulating regarding nutrient requirement of most important aquaculture species (N.R.C. 1993; Halver 2002; Webster & Lim 2002). Basic nutritional data are available to reassure that minimum requirements are met in diet formulation for the majority of exploited species. Data on nutrient bioavailability are, however, more sparse and limited to a few species. Digestion of nutrients in different feedstuffs, metabolic utilization or interactions among the nutrients may differ between species and are related to natural feeding habits of species. For instance, carnivorous and herbivorous fish differ in their capacity to use complex carbohydrates or plant feedstuffs. Diets or feedstuff processing technologies also affect nutrient availability. For example, extrusion applies high temperature and pressure to the feed mixture and has beneficial effects in improving water stability of the pellets, diet pasteurization, starch gelatinization or inactivation of antinutrients, but it may also negatively affect the availability of amino acids such as lysine or increase vitamin losses. Therefore, nutrient deficiencies may still occur in diet formulations owing to insufficient information on bioavailability of nutrients in different feedstuffs and to the diet processing technologies (Hardy 2001). This may induce the appearance of chronic, subclinical deficiencies that negatively affect fish performance and weakens the animals, making them more susceptible to disease problems. Protein and amino acids Fish, as all monogastric animals, do not have specific protein requirements, but require the amino acids (AA) that compose proteins (Wilson 2002). Referring to protein requirements is nevertheless usual in fish nutrition as protein includes both indispensable amino acids (IAA) and dispensable amino acids (DAA) that provide the undifferentiated N required for the synthesis of nitrogenous compounds of physiological interest. Protein requirement is not an absolute value but depends on the bioavailability of the protein source, its AA profile and the dietary energy level. Lower protein requirement is achieved with highly digestible protein sources, with well-balanced IAA profiles and adequate digestible protein to energy (DP/DE) levels. Given balanced diets fish eat to meet their energy requirements (Bureau, Kaushik & Cho 2002). Therefore, with high DP/DE diets, fish will eat more protein than required for growth, and the excess protein will be diverted for energy purposes. This will have negative economic and environmental impacts but except in extreme cases, which may prove to be toxic, will not affect the animals performance or health status. On the contrary, with low DP/DE diets, fish will stop eating before ingesting an adequate amount of protein, thus compromising growth rate and eventually debilitating the animals. As there is now a trend for increasing dietary energy content for reducing feed intake per unit of growth and decrease feed losses, a reappraisal of dietary nutrient requirements may be required to reassure that adequate amounts of essential nutrients are included in the diets (Hardy 2001; Wilson 2002). Fish have absolute requirements for 10 AA, which are considered indispensable (N.R.C. 1993; Wilson 2002). Besides these, two other AAs are considered semi-indispensable, cystine and tyrosine, as they may only be synthesized from their precursor IAA, respectively, methionine and phenylalanine. However, inclusion of these semi-indispensable AA in the diets spares part of their precursor IAA. When given IAA-deficient diets, fish display reduced growth and anorexia; gross anatomical signs of IAA deficiency have also been reported under experimental conditions for a few AA (Tacon 1992; Roberts 2002).