دانلود ترجمه مقاله ریزتکثیر و گلدهی آزمایشگاهی در گیاه پنتانما ایندیکوم لینگ

• بخشی از ترجمه:

اما ما در اينجا براي اولين بار گزارش خواهيم كرد كه غلظت پايين آدنين سولفات (۱٫۰ mg l_1) براي P.indicum موثر است.ريشه ها بعد از انتقال شاخه ها به محيط كشت حاوي غلظت پايين IBA (0.5 mg l_1) القا شد(۸۴%)( Thulaseedharanو Vaidyanathan 1990).در عوض، غلظت زياد IBA باعث ريشه دهي (۱۰۰%) شد.گياهچه هاي ريشه دار با موفقيت به خاك داراي ۹۶%ميزان ماندگاري انتقال داده شد. گياهان احياء شده هيچ تغيير آشكاري درمورفولوژي يا ويژگي ها رشدي در مقايسه با گياهان دهندۀ مربوطه نشان ندادند.واكنش گلدهي تا حد زيادي به غلظت موارد استعمال شده بستگي داشت. لزوم تنظيم كنندۀ رشدگياهي براي گلدهي آزمايشگاهي متغير بود.در اين مطالعه،محيط هاي كشت حاوي اكسين چه به تنهايي و چه در تركيب با BAP باعث گلدهي در كشت هاي كالوز P.indicum شد.يافته هاي مشابه توسط Tepferو ديگران (۱۹۶۶) و Peeters و ديگران (۱۹۹۴) مشاهده شد. ضرورت اكسين براي القا و نمو گل در چند گياه از قبيل Torenia ، Vigna radiate، Vigna mungo، Pisum sativum  و Perilla frutescens گزارش شده است.در بررسي حاضر، IBA باعث حداكثر تعداد جوانه هاي مولد(تناسلي ) شد(شكل ۲E و F).قابليت گلدهي با افزايش غلظت IBA مورد استفاده در شاخه هاي احياء شده كه از محيط كشت BAP+IAA+آدنين سولفات جدا شده بودند افزايش يافت.تأثر موثر وكارامد پورين ها و پيريميدن ها بر القاي گل توسط Chailakhyan و ديگران (۱۹۶۱) در مورد Perilla nankinensis  كشت شده در آزمايشگاه نيز گزارش شده است.مشاهدات ما با گزارش فوق مبني بر اينكه سطح مناسب آدنين و BAP براي گلدهي مفيد فايده است مطبقت دارد.مشخص شد كه گلدهي در آزمايشگاه نيز تحت تأثر سطوح و نسبت دو مولفۀ اصلي يعني كربوهيدرات ها ومواد معدني رخ مي دهد.حضور منبع كربوهيدرات يك الزام يوبيكيتس(ubiquitous )براي نمو و القاي معتبر گل ها در آزمايشگاه ميباشد.گلدهي  P. indicum به حضور منبع كربوهيدرات بستگي دارد.در بررسي حاضر،مشخصشد كه ساكارز بهترين گزنه براي القاي جوانۀ گل م باشد. فراواني بالاي گلدهي بعد از تكميل محيط كشت با ۳% (w/v) ساكارز مشاهده شد.اين نتيجه با گزارشات پيشين در Lycopersicon esculantum، سيب زميني، V.mungo، P. sativum،و Gentiana trifolia مطابقت دارد.براساس فرضيۀ انحراف مادۀمغذي گلدهي ،نسبت C/N در جوانه در طي القاي گل افزايش ميابد.در بررسي حاضر، محيط كشت MS با مكمل ۳% (w/v) ساكارز و تنظيم كننده هاي رشد گياه ،چند شاخۀ گلدار توليد كرد.اين نتيجه نشان مي دهد كه نسبت C/N براي گلدهي مهم است.مطالعت زيادي تأثير سطح نيتروژن بر گلدهي آزمايشگاهي را گزارش كرده اند.

• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Pentanema indicum Ling. belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositae). It is a female antifertility drug used by tribes in Bihar state of India. The plant is an annual and is distributed throughout India, ascending up to an altitude of 1800 m in Himalayas, Pakistan, Burma, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Africa. It is an erect, rigid, leafy herb 1–۳ ft in height. The roots are tough, woody and externally pale brown in colour. Stem terete, striate, with many pubescent branches. Leaves are variable in size, sessile, oblong–lanceolate, acute, entire or serrulate, rough or scrabid with short appressed hairs on both sides. Ray florets 12–۲۴, much longer than involcure and disc florets scanty. Many compounds have been isolated from P. indicum namely, sesquiterpene– vicolides, monoterpenediol–vicodiol and thymol esters (Saradha Vasanth et al. 1990; Mossa et al. 1997), cis–cis germacranolide (Sawaiker et al. 1998), 4,5,6-trihydroxy- 4-7-dimethoxy flavone (Krishnaveni et al. 1997). Vicolide D showed abortifacient and antifertility activities (Alam et al. 1989). The hexane soluble fraction showed antiviral activity against Ranikhet virus (Chowdhury et al. 1990). In vitro flowering offers a unique system in the study of molecular basis and hormonal regulation of flowering. There is also a possibility of using in vitro flowering in ecological and genetic studies. It is a modern area of research and has great potential in plant breeding programmes. In vitro propagation of medicinal plants could help in raising disease free health clones in a large scale for extraction of pure drug. To date only one report available on regeneration for this important medicinal plant (Thulaseedharan and Vaidyanathan 1990) reported callus induction and plant regeneration in Vicoa indica. However, regeneration using apical bud and nodal explants derived from mature plants is not available. Therefore, the efficiency of apical bud and nodal explants to regenerate P. indicum plants has been explored in the present study. In addition, we have demonstrated a callus mediated plant regeneration system and in vitro flowering. Actively growing shoots were used as the explants source. The shoots were separated from the mother plants, defoliated and cut into 4–۶ cm pieces. The explants (leaf and stem) were surface sterilized with 70% (v/v) ethanol for 60 s and 0.1% (w/v) mercuric chloride for 10 min, washed four times with sterile distilled water. Leaf and stem segments 0.5–۱٫۰ cm in length, were prepared and inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) supplemented with plant growth regulators. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.7 with 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCl before autoclaving at 1.06 kg cm
۲ and 121°C for 15 min. All culture media contained 3% (w/v) sucrose and solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar. Basal medium supplemented either with BAP or BAP combined with IBA were used for callus induction from leaf and stem explants. The callus induction rate (explants with callus formation) was determined after 30 days. After four weeks, the calli proliferated upon the leaf and stem segments. The calli were transferred on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP and IAA to induce plant regeneration. Regenerated shoots were dissected out, cut into shoot tips and single nodal segments, and subcultured on MS medium containing different concentration of an auxin and a cytokinin. Multiplication of these shoots was tested in the same media or in media supplemented with adenine sulfate (1.0 mg l
۱ ). After four weeks of culture plantlets were transferred to fresh medium containing same composition of ingredients. Individual shoots, which were 3–۴ cm long were excised from the shoot clump and transferred to half strength MS medium containing IAA and IBA (0.5, 10, 1.5 and 2.0 mg l
۱ ). All cultures were incubated at 252°C under cool fluorescent light (3000 Lux; 16-h photoperiod). After 35 days the rooted plantlets were removed from the tubes, washed thoroughly with sterile distilled water to remove traces of agar and planted in small plastic pots filled with mixture of sterile soil, sand, vermiculite (1 : 1 : 1). The potted plants were irrigated with MS basal salts solution (1/4 strength) devoid of sucrose and myo-inositol every four days for three weeks.

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