دانلود ترجمه مقاله آنالیز دینامیکی سد خاکی آسیب دیده در زلزله توکیو – مجله الزویر

• فهرست مطالب:

 چکیده
۱ مقدمه
۲ شرح مکان و حرکات ورودی
۲ ۱ سد فوجیناما
۲ ۲ حرکات زمین
۲ ۳ مصالح سد و خصوصیات آن
۲ ۳ ۱ مطالعه بصری
۲ ۳ ۲ آزمایش آزمایشگاهی
۲ ۳ ۲ ۱ تحلیل غربالی
۲ ۳ ۲ ۲ تست سه محوری
۳ روش FE
۱ ۳ مدل FE
۲ ۳ خواص مواد
۴ نتایج و بحث
۱ ۴ انالیز مدل
۲ ۴ تحلیل دینامیکی
۱ ۲ ۴ شتاب
۲ ۲ ۴ دفورماسیون
۴ ۲ ۳ کرنش برشی
۴ ۲ ۴ فشار منفذی مازاد
۴ ۲ ۵ ترک فشار
۵ نتیجه گیری و بحث

• بخشی از ترجمه:

با توجه به مطالعه میدانی، می توان گفت که سد در مقطع عرضی ماکزیمم به دلیل حجم و وزن زیاد تخریب شده است. بر اساس مطالعات چشمی، باقی مانده سد تخریب شده، منطقه مخزن، لبه مخزن و کناره ها نیز بررسی شده ولی شواهدی در مورد فرونشینی دیده نشد و این موید فرایند لغزش یا آبگونگی است. به علاوه در بخش های میانی و انتهایی، مصالح به نظر نمی رسد در معرض لغزش قرار گیرند. از این روی، مکانیسم تخریب را می توان به صورت زیر توصیف کرد
برای سناریوی نخست، به دلیل مدول کشسانی کم مواد مورد استفاده برای ساخت تاج سد و مدت زمان زیاد زلزله قوی، مواد مقاومت خود را از دست می دهند. در نتیجه، لغزش در تاج بر روی سراب و یا هر دو طرف رخ می دهد. فرونشینی در الگوی یکسان صورت می گیرد. برای سناریوی دیگر، به دلیل تاج ضعیف تر و مدت زمان طولانی الرزه، جا به جایی دایم تجمعی در بحش میانی به دلیل ناپایداری رخ می دهد. البته، در برخی سطوح، پدیده تخریب زوجی رخ می دهد که موسوم به تخریب لغزش- سرریز است.
نتایج شبیه سازی عددی با استفاده از حرکت مشاهده شده نشان می دهد که سد تحت زلزله قوی و بلند مدت قرار گرفته است. هم چنین طیف حرکت زمین یا زلزله با باند وسیع و عریض مشاهده شد که در سد یک رزونانس را ایجاد کرده است. از این روی، سد فرکانس زیادی را در کل بدنه تجربه کرده و این موجب ا یک نیروی اینرسی بزرگ می شود. سد یک سرریز را تجربه کرده و سپس می شکند.

• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Introduction Damage and loss of life caused by earthquakes are immense. This is magnified when accompanied by the collapse of essential infrastructure, such as a dam or a power plant, which has the potential of destroying entire cities. The water and power supplied by dams are essential for the survival of a community, not to mention the other benefits they bring, such as tourism and flood control. However, when a dam fails, the destruction is often deadly, causing irreparable damage to the land, the people, and to the economy. Following the devastating earthquake in Japan on 11 March 2011, seven dams were damaged and the Fujinuma dam collapsed owing to the force generated by the 9.0-magnitude earthquake, known as the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake (hereafter, the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake). The Fujinuma dam was constructed to serve as a water supply for irrigation purposes. The dam was located on a tributary of the Abukuma River, near Sukagawa in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. It failed following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (Fig. 1). The failure caused a flood that washed away 19 houses and damaged others, disabled a bridge, and blocked roads with debris. Seven bodies were discovered after searches began at dawn and one person was declared missing. Generally, earth dams are the most common type of dam because of their cost and the convenient supply of raw materials. A number of earth dams exist throughout Japan for irrigation, flood mitigation, and hydroelectric power generation purposes. As Japan lies in one of the world’s most seismically active areas, the main issue in dam management and construction is seismic safety. Therefore, to assure dam safety, proper evaluation of such dams is crucial. Accordingly, the failure of the Fujinuma dam can be regarded as a fruitful resource from which to gain insight into dam failure mechanisms and to acquire useful information relating to dam safety. In the computation of soil structures, the coupling behavior between the solid matrix and pore water is crucial. Biot [1,2] first developed a linear theory of poroelasticity and subsequently, many researchers in this field have established numerous solid– fluid coupling formulations based on different assumptions. Each technique has its own strengths in solving different problems. Among them, owing to its simplicity, the u–p formulation has become well known and applied widely in the field of geotechnics. Finite element (FE) codes for porous media have been developed continuously [3–۷]. Recently, as advanced computational techniques in geotechnics have been introduced, it has become beneficial for researchers [8–۱۵] to analyze seismic behavior of dams by using those techniques. Consequently, much research work has been conducted in the area of seismic safety on existing earth dams. Soralump and Tansupo [16] conducted a dynamic response analysis of the Srinagarind dam by using 213 records of 35 earthquake events and the equivalent linear method for the nonlinear behavior of dam materials. Similarly, Fallah and Wieland [17] conducted an evaluation of earthquake safety of the Koman concrete-faced rock-fill dam in Albania, by using a twodimensional FE model of the maximum cross section. Their study was undertaken using the equivalent linear method. The dam was checked for the safety evaluation earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of the horizontal component of 0.45g. Spectrumcompatible artificially generated accelerograms were used based on a site-specific seismic hazard analysis. All of these methods mentioned above have been applied to evaluate the safety of earth dams. The importance of such research is not only to examine the behavior of a dam or the level of damage it can sustain, but also to preserve it against future earthquakes. Although dam failures are rare, studies have been conducted based on such events to understand the causes of those failures. One example is the failure of the Teton dam, an earthen dam located in Idaho, in the United States. It was 93 m high and had a capacity of 355 million m3 . The dam failed on 5 June 1976, as it was being filled for the first time, owing to internal erosion known as “piping”. The failure caused a huge flood that damaged the city downstream, which cost a total of about US$2 billion [18,19]. The Lower San Fernando dam, which was a 40 m high hydraulic-fill earth dam located in San Fernando, California, failed on 9 February 1971, as the San Fernando earthquake struck southern California. This seismic shaking triggered liquefaction of the hydraulic-fill within the upstream slope of the dam.